History HL

which countries lead the way for global exploration?

spain and portugal. english, french, dutch follow 100 years later

what are the goals of the global movement exploration?

find gold, personal glory, extend reach of Christianity, create maps

What were the results of the global movement exploration?

creation of slave trade, millions of indigenous people died from European disease

who led the exploration of portugal and what was the purpose?

henry the navigator, to recruit christian, jewish and arab soldiers, astronomers and cartographers

what were the results of exploration of portugal?

better tide calenders, better sailing directions, safer sea travel

why did henry the navigator explore west african coast?

he was trying to find sea route to south/southeast asia for spices, he wanted to bypass ottomen turk

why was chinese porcelain brought to portugal?

to begin porcelein frenzy

who leads the 1st expedition to circumnavigate the globe?

ferdinand magellan

where was columbus born

genoa

why did columbus want to sail west….to find?

to find the lands of the great kehan

what empire did columbus not renew?

the Mongol empire, so it collapsed

who helped to fund columbus expedition?

spanish monarchs, isabella of castile and ferdinand of aragon agreed as new land is claimed by spain

who refused to fund columbus expedition?

portugal

what happens when columbus lands in the bahamas?

he believes he is in the east indies, meet arawaks (peaceful native tribe)

what were columbus goals in the bahamas?

to find gold, subjugate native ppl, spread christianity

what happened on columbus second voyage?

he fails to find gold and spices. he captures caribs (enemies of arawaks) to bring back as slaves, which proposes regular slave trade

what was the treaty of Tordesillas?

conflict between spain and portugal

what pope helped with the negotiations in the treaty of tordesillas

pope alexander vl

what happened land wise in the treaty of tordesillas

it divided atlantic world, portugal maintained power over west african coast and route to india

who discovered brazil?

pedro alvares cabral

european voyages helped introduced slavery..how?

expand ecoonomic scale of slave labor and attach color and race to servitude. many in balkans became slaves to ottomens

slaves are found in…

war, by privacy, sold by other Africans and Bedouin traders to Christian traders

what was “pieces” in Portuguese trade

african people

who is agaisnt slavery as well as other clergy

manuel severim de haria

economic ebenfits of 15th centrury slavery

sugar plantations, domestic servants

who roams territories, organized states, practice agriculture

normads

? in mexico and ? in peruo, rule over subjected people

Aztects and Incas

which two spanish explorers travel to america form the carribean in search for gold? what was their religion?

Hemian cortes, and francisco pizarro, catholic priests to spread christianity

what aztec capital was captured by cortez

Tenochtitlan

what spanish empire did charles v rule over?

mexico(new spain)

aztecs and incas fall to european tech such as…

cosmotology and arithmetic

gold and silver mines in mexico were exported to where? and what were the results?

Spain, resulted in inflation increase unlike any seen before

What was frances exploration to americas

Search of passage to china in north america, attempts to settle in canada rebuffed by indigenous people and climate

what was dutchs exploration to americas

break away from spain and take over spanish and portuguesse trade routes

results of discovery of the new world

discovery of americas, leads to global movement of peoples, animals, plants tobacco, cocoa, manufactured goods, precious metals. indigenous people lack of natural immunity to european diseases-leading to massive amount of deaths

what was the printing press, where was it developed, importance

gutenburg, helped printing with moveable type, made the gutenburg latin bibles,185 copies made

what was the result of the printing press

ideas could spread quickly, censorship also begins

why was uppercase called uppercase and what was the actual name for it (printing press)

bc it was in the upper cases of the printing press, magiscules and miniscules

what was christian humanism

intellectual trend in the 16th century that coupled the love of classical learning and Christian piety

what was the problem of christian humanism

mass of europe is christian, but few have knowledge of catholic doctrine, yound people crave religious substance

expectations vs reality christian humanism

wanted peace and morality but found violence and division

who was thomas more

he worked for english government under hnery vlll and the kings religious switch

what was thomas more executed as

a martyr

who wrote utopia from the words meaning “best place and no place”

thomas more

who was eramus

friends of kings, popes and the printing press. he educated future charles v of the holy roman empire.

what did eramus want over schism……so he joinedd….

wanted unity and pacifism over schism, so he joined the catholic church

what did eramus believe?

believed only through education could individual and social reform occur. modesty, piety , good works over lust and greed

what did martin luther start?why?

protestant reformation, luthers crisis of faith

what order did martin luther enter?

augustinian (religious service)

what does martin luther solely believe?

faith alone is the means to salvation

what was the result of the protestant reformation

conflict with the holy roman empire and catholic church

what was martin luthers conflict with the church

he feels that the church cared more about external behavior than spiritual intentions

what does church emphasize.. imposed by whom? results?

penance, (duties) imposed by priest instead of forgiveness in gods name through the priest. leads priests to abuse power, by using their power to demand favors

church accepts….. as a way to get forgiveness. why does luther hate this?

money. he considers this as corrupt and useless

what was luthers 95 thesis

it was composed for academic debate

Luthers 95 thesis angers who?

laypeople,

Who supported luthers 95 thesis. what were they called?

christian humanists and clerics, mostly middle class members, lower class too. Evangelicals

what was luthers first treaty, who adressed it, and what was its purpose

freedom of a christian, addressed by pope leo x, argues faith saves people, distinguishes between gospel teachings and invented church doctrines

What was Luthers second treaty about?

to the nobility of the german nation (written in germany) appeals to german identity and denounces italians

what was Luthers third treaty about?

On the babylonian capacity of the church, condems the papacy, calls it the embodiment of the antichrist

what was the “Luther affair”

-pope orders luther to stop in which luther rips up the decree

-luther appears infront of charles v of imperial diet of worms

-emporor cannot punish because he bribed one of luthers defenders to become emperor

who was Huldrych Zwingli

chief preacher of zurich, declares himself a reformist

what church does zwingli (zurich) call corrupt

catholic church

what does zwingli (zurich) question

fasting and clerical celibacy

what does zwingli (zurich) become the center of

swiss and southern german reform movement

what do zwingli(zurich) and luther disagree on

Luther bread and wine are both symbolic and actual representation of chirst, Zwingli bread and wine are just symbolic.

where does the zwingli (zurich) and luther disagreement take place. where they meet to solve the disagreements

colloquy of marburg

who do eucharists divide

lutherans and calvinists

who is John Calvin?

born in france, studied law but had a crisis of faith that leads him to theology

what was it called when the church doors were covered with things denouncing catholic mass

affair of placards

affair of placards forces calvin to flee tooo…

geneva where he stays til his death

john calvin transforms geneva into

a christian republic

who develops the doctrine of predestination

john calvin

what was the doctrine of predestination about?

god ordained every persons salvation or damnation before the world was ever created

later on geneva becomes a theo-

theocratic city state led by calvin and leaders of reformed church

who executes micheal servetus? and why

john calvin, for critiquing his writing

calvinism eventually spreads through europe and …

new england

who were the anabaptists

lay people of zurich seeking reform of their own

whats adult rebaptism, who called for it

anabaptists, one must have reason to get baptised, cant baptize babies

anabaptists created pacifistic communities composed of…

lower class artisans

who attacks anabaptists and what does he create after

zwingli, creeates refromations first martyrs

anabaptists take the city of …….. and reinstate ……..

munster, old testament laws

Whos menno simons and what are his followers called?

he led the anabaptist movement in northwest europe, mennonites

whats a key tool of discipline

bible reading

in england religious reform who are they led by

monarchs

who is Henry Vllls father

son of henry tudor (Henry Vll)

What starts the war of the roses

nascent dynasty demanding a male heir

who does henry Vlll recruit to help him divorce his first wife

thomas cromwell and thomas cranmer- as chancellor and archbishop of canterbury

what was the act of supremacy

makes henry the head of the anglican church (church of england), disallows mary from claiming the throne and allows for the dissolution of monastaries

what does henry do to make england poorer than thier french counterparts

he sells off his land to noble instead of taking it

who is henrys one son

edward Vl

what english servants of the crown were executed for treason

thomas more and thomas cromwell

who were henrys wives (in order, children, death)

Catherine of Aragon (mother of Mary, divorced),

Anne Boleyn (mother of Elizabeth 1, beheaded),

Jane Seymour (mother of Edward Vl, died),

Anne of Cleves (divorced after 6 months),

Catherine Howard (beheaded),

Katherine Parr- (pro Lutheran agenda, died)