APUSH Test 13

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

* Date: 1901
* Countries involved: United States and Great Britain
* Purpose: To replace the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and give the US control over the construction and management of a canal in Central America
* Key provision: Britain renounced its right to joint control over any canal built in Central America
* Significance: Cleared the way for the US to build the Panama Canal

Jacob Riis

a muckraker, tried to bring light to the wrongs in society, wrote How the Other Half Lives to bring to light the issues of the slums of the cities

Muckrakers

* U.S. journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in the early 20th century
* Coined by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906
* Investigative reporting led to reforms in areas such as child labor, food safety, and political corruption
* Famous muckrakers include Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, and Lincoln Steffens
* Their work paved the way for modern investigative journalism and the watchdog role of the press.

The Jungle

written by Upton Sinclair, led to reform in the food industry since it exposed the disgusting and horrendous practices of meatpacking industries

Pure Food and Drug Act

outlawed the sale of impure food/drugs, had to put ingredients on package

National Reclamation Bill 1902

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* Introduced by US President Theodore Roosevelt
* Aimed to irrigate arid lands in the American West
* Authorized the use of federal funds for irrigation projects
* Led to the creation of the Bureau of Reclamation
* Helped to transform the American West by making large-scale agriculture possible
* Significantly impacted Native American communities and their access to water resources.

William Howard Taft

* **Born:** September 15, 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio
* **Education:** Yale University (B.A.), Cincinnati Law School (LL.B.)
* **Career:** Lawyer, judge, Solicitor General, Governor-General of the Philippines, Secretary of War, President of the United States, Chief Justice of the United States
* **Presidential term:** March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
* **Political party:** Republican
* **Notable events:** close with Roosevelt, picked as his successor, persecuted twice as many trusts as Roosevelt, prosecuted US steel which TR had approved, took offense from this, he also fired head of forester service and this also upset TR, “Dollar Diplomacy”- focus on investing in overseas business and using investment as a motivation for diplomatic negotiations, tried to negotiate a lower tariff with Cananda
* **Death:** March 8, 1930 in Washington, D.C.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

* Date: November 18, 1903
* Parties involved: United States and Panama
* Purpose: Allowed the US to build and control the Panama Canal
* Terms: US paid Panama $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000 for a 10-mile-wide canal zone
* Significance: Gave the US control over a vital trade route and expanded its global influence

"Roosevelt Corollary"

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* Introduced by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904
* Addition to the Monroe Doctrine
* Asserted the right of the US to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries
* Aimed to prevent European intervention in the region
* Used to justify US military interventions in several Latin American countries

"Bully Pulpit"

Teddy Roosevelt used the presidency as this, preached about reforms to the people directly, raised public concerns about family values, conservation, preached issues to the people

Treaty of Portsmouth

* Date: September 5, 1905
* Location: Portsmouth, New Hampshire
* Negotiators: Russia (Sergei Witte) and Japan (Komura Jutaro)
* Mediator: United States (Theodore Roosevelt)
* Outcome: Japan received Port Arthur, Russian lease of Liaodong Peninsula was terminated, Sakhalin Island was divided, and Japan received indemnity
* Significance: Ended the Russo-Japanese War, established Japan as a major world power, and led to strained relations between Japan and the United States.

The Great White Fleet

Teddy Roosevelt sent the US navy all around the world to impress the world and show that we’re a pacific/world power, shows Teddy’s big stick policy

New Nationalism

* **Theodore Roosevelt:** Promoted New Nationalism as a political philosophy during his 1912 presidential campaign
* called for easier amendments
* **Government Intervention:** Advocated for increased government intervention in the economy to promote social justice and protect the welfare of citizens
* **Regulation of Corporations:** Called for strict regulation of corporations to prevent monopolies and ensure fair competition
* **Social Welfare Programs:** Supported the creation of social welfare programs to provide a safety net for the poor and vulnerable
* **National Unity:** Emphasized the importance of national unity and the common good over individual interests
* **Progressive Income Tax:** Proposed a progressive income tax to redistribute wealth and reduce income inequality
* **Environmental Conservation:** Advocated for the conservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment for future generations.

Woodrow Wilson

the scholarly president, studied and wrote about Hegel, a strong progressive who thought that he was a superhuman who could hear the directions of history better than others, implemented much of the progressive reform

\-passed Clayton Antitrust Act, Federal Trade, Federal Reserve, Underwood Tariff, very involved as a leader in the legislative branch, 16, 17 amendment’s in 1st term

New Freedom

* President Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy
* Aimed to promote economic competition and regulate monopolies
* Created the Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prosecute unfair business practices
* Supported the Clayton Antitrust Act to strengthen antitrust laws
* Advocated for labor rights and protections, including an eight-hour workday and child labor laws.

Sixteenth Amendment 1913

created national income tax, considered unconstitutional before this, first of progressive amendments

Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act 1913

lowered tariffs by 1/3

Federal Reserve Act 1913

first time federal reserve created, manipulated interest rates and money supply

Seventeenth Amendment 1913

direct election of US senators

Federal Trade Commission Act 1914

tried to stop unfair business practices

Clayton Antitrust Act 1914

more effective for prosecuting trusts/monopolies and protected labor unions

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act 1916

* **Purpose:** Prohibited the employment of children under 14 in factories producing goods for interstate commerce.
* **Enforcement:** States were responsible for enforcing the law, with the Department of Labor overseeing.
* **Impact:** Considered a landmark in child labor reform, but was later struck down by the Supreme Court in 1918.
* **Context:** Passed during the Progressive Era, as part of a larger movement to improve working conditions and protect children.

Working men's compensation Act 1916

* Passed in the United States to provide financial assistance to federal civil-service employees who were injured on the job
* The act was later expanded to cover all federal employees and their dependents
* It was the first federal workers' compensation law in the United States
* The act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on September 7, 1916
* The act was a response to the growing labor movement and concerns about the welfare of workers
* The act provided benefits for disability, death, and medical expenses related to work-related injuries or illnesses
* The act was later replaced by the Federal Employees' Compensation Act in 1917, which expanded coverage to include all federal employees and their dependents.

Eighteenth Amendment 1919

prohibition of alcohol

Nineteenth Amendment 1920

women’s suffrage, women’s right to vote passed

Secular Humanism

* Definition: A philosophy that emphasizes reason, ethics, and human welfare independent of religion or supernatural beliefs.
* Origin: Emerged during the Enlightenment period in Europe.
* Beliefs: Humans have the ability to lead ethical and fulfilling lives without the need for religious guidance. Emphasis on individual freedom, social justice, and scientific inquiry.
* Ethics: Based on reason and empathy, rather than divine commandments. Focus on promoting human well-being and minimizing harm.
* Criticisms: Accused of being amoral and lacking a sense of community. Some argue that it is just another form of religion.
* Impact: Has influenced various social and political movements, including the feminist and LGBTQ+ movements.

John Dewey

father of progressive education, progressives wanted to help people realize their full potential to contribute to society, wanted to give things to people to fulfill their potential

Birth of a Nation

Title: Birth of a Nation

Director: D.W. Griffith

Release Year: 1915

Genre: Silent epic drama film

Running Time: 3 hours and 13 minutes

Plot: Depicts the Civil War and Reconstruction era in the United States, glorifying the Ku Klux Klan and portraying African Americans as inferior and dangerous.

Controversy: Criticized for its racist and offensive content, leading to protests and boycotts.

Impact: Considered a landmark in American cinema for its technical innovations, but also a stain on its history for its harmful portrayal of African Americans.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, led by WEB DuBois and Ida Wells and wanted African-Americans to achieve equality and civil rights

Election of 1900

* Candidates: William McKinley (Republican) vs. William Jennings Bryan (Democratic-Populist)
* Issues: Imperialism, gold standard vs. silver standard, trusts and monopolies
* Outcome: McKinley won with 292 electoral votes to Bryan's 155
* Significance: Solidified Republican dominance in national politics, marked end of Populist movement, set stage for Progressive Era reforms.

Election of 1904

* Candidates:
* Republican: Theodore Roosevelt
* Democratic: Alton B. Parker
* Issues:
* Roosevelt's progressive policies
* Parker's conservative stance
* Outcome:
* Roosevelt won by a landslide
* Republicans maintained control of the White House

Election of 1908

* Candidates: William Howard Taft (Republican) vs. William Jennings Bryan (Democrat)
* Taft won with 321 electoral votes to Bryan's 162
* Taft was endorsed by outgoing President Theodore Roosevelt
* Taft's campaign focused on continuing Roosevelt's policies
* Bryan's campaign focused on anti-trust legislation and income tax reform
* This election marked the third consecutive loss for Bryan

Election of 1912

TR ran against Taft, didn’t get it, created Bull-Moose Party (Progressive), Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson and he won, strongest showing of 3rd party candidate for TR, TR’s platform was “New Nationalism,” Wilson’s platform was “New Freedom”

28 June 1914 Sarajevo

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, the trigger cause of WW1, assassinated by members of a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand, Austria blamed it on Serbia and this led to war

Otto von Bismarck

created the German Empire, forced into retirement by Kaiser Wilhelm II, created multiple alliances between European countries to try and keep the peace, but this ended up leading to a world war

Kaiser Wilhelm II

* **Name:** Kaiser Wilhelm II
* **Birthdate:** January 27, 1859
* **Reign:** 1888-1918
* **Role in World War I:** Led Germany during the war
* **Domestic Policies:** Promoted industrialization and social welfare programs
* **Foreign Policies:** Pursued aggressive foreign policies, including the buildup of the German navy
* **Abdication:** Forced to abdicate in 1918 following Germany's defeat in World War I
* **Exile:** Lived in exile in the Netherlands until his death in 1941.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, influenced Kaiser Wilhelm, TR, and Winston Churchill, and the leader of the Imperial Japanese Navy

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s plan to take France out first, trench warfare characterized WW1 after Battle of Marne

Winston Churchill

served as First Lord of the Admiralty, led the Dardanelles campaign, one of the leaders of the British navy

Invasion of Belgium

Germany invaded Belgium which was neutral, brought Britain into the war, Germans were ruthless and cruel and called the “Huns,” part of Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

"Miracle on the Marne"

* **Date:** September 6-12, 1914
* **Location:** Marne River, France
* **Opposing forces:** German Army vs. Allied Forces (French, British)
* **Outcome:** Allied victory, halting German advance towards Paris
* **Significance:** Marked the end of the German Schlieffen Plan and the beginning of trench warfare in WWI.

Trench Warfare

used throughout WW1 and characterized the warfare

Victoriano Huerta

assassinated Mexico’s president and vice president and took control of Mexico

Pancho Villa

a Mexican bandit, fought for power in Mexico

William Jennings Bryan

served as secretary of state under Wilson, extremely pacifist, not a very good secretary of state

Billy Sunday

* Born on November 19, 1862, in Ames, Iowa
* Was a professional baseball player before becoming a Christian evangelist
* Preached against alcohol and was a key figure in the Prohibition movement
* Held large revival meetings across the United States, drawing thousands of people
* Known for his fiery preaching style and use of humor in his sermons
* Died on November 6, 1935, in Chicago, Illinois

U-boat

underseeboat, a new technology used in WW1 by the Germans, submarines

Lusitania

passenger ship carrying military equipment, sunk by German U-boats, US citizens aboard and angered US, unrestricted submarine warfare angered US

Louis D. Brandeis

the first Jewish appointee to the Supreme Court, appointed by Wilson, came up with “Brandeis Beliefs”- studies that showed terrible impact of management decisions on workers

Sussex Pledge

following an attack on an unarmed French ship called Sussex carrying Americans, Germans pledged not to attack merchant vessels unless they were carrying war contraband and unless their passengers and crew members had first been allowed to get into their lifeboats

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany’s policy for WW1, would sink any ship Wirth their submarines

Zimmerman Telegram 1917

Germany said that they would help Mexico get their territory in America back if they won the war, intercepted by the British, brings US into the war

6 April 1917

US enters the war, provides a fresh wave of supplies/men, saves Allies, provides morale, turns tide of the war

Jeanette Rankin

* Born on June 11, 1880 in Montana, USA
* First woman elected to the US Congress in 1916
* Voted against US entry into both World War I and World War II
* Co-founded the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
* Advocated for women's suffrage and equal rights
* Died on May 18, 1973 in California, USA

Liberty Loans

part of the U.S. government's effort to sell war bonds (also known as Liberty Bonds) during World War I to defray the expense of war. These bonds were issued by the U.S. Treasury.

"Doughboys"

nickname for American infantrymen

General John J. Pershing

the leader the American Expeditionary Force, called “Black Jack” Pershing

Herbert Hoover

head of the food administration, “Hoovering” - being economical in clearing up plate, good at encouraging people to conserve food

Sedition Act

made any interference with the war effort a crime

Eugene V. Debs

arrested for committing espionage against the government and obstructing the war effort, posted things to protest against the draft

Sergeant Alvin York

won the congressional Medal of Honor by saving his platoon from destruction by enemy machine gunners, extremely skilled because he was a hunter

Armistice Day

November 11, 1918, signed in Ferdinand Foch’s railway car at Compiegne, France