9- Cybercrime

What is illegal behaviour involving the use of a computer or network?

Illegal behaviour that involves the use of a computer or computer network (Holt et al., 2018).

What are computer-enabled crimes?

Crimes that involve the incidental use of a computer or network.

What are computer-dependent crimes?

Crimes that require the use of a computer or network.

What is shoulder surfing/theft?

The process through which an adversary uses physical surveillance or theft to gain access to a computer system.

What is social engineering?

The process through which an adversary uses interpersonal manipulation to gain access to a computer system.

What is packet sniffing?

The observation of data packets as they travel across a computer network.

What are man-in-the-middle attacks?

Attacks that intercept data-in-transit between sender and receiver, possibly involving decrypting, inspecting, and re-encrypting data.

What is cryptanalysis?

The process through which encrypted data is cracked to gain access to data in transit and/or data at rest.

What are payload attacks?

The process of installing malware on a device.

What are code injections?

The process of injecting computer code into a system to change its internal architecture and functions.

What are black hats in hacking?

Hackers with malicious intent, seeking personal gain through fraud or theft.

What are white hats in hacking?

Ethical hackers who conduct penetration testing and improve security.

What are grey hats in hacking?

Hackers who hack without permission but are not always malicious.

What are red teams in cybersecurity?

Contracted teams that simulate attacks to provide cybersecurity feedback.

What are script kiddies?

Low-skill users who utilize tools or scripts created by others.

How do hacker subcultures develop?

Hacker subcultures develop online similarly to physical deviant subcultures, sharing norms, values, skills, and identities.

What is the Social Learning Theory in hacking?

Hacking behaviours are learned through differential association (peer influence), imitation (copying skilled hackers), definitions favourable to hacking, and reinforcement (status, praise, success).

What is the rationale behind hackers' motivations?

Hackers weigh risk versus reward, often financially motivated black hats seek credit card data, bank credentials, and personal information.

What is victim-blaming in the context of hacking?

The belief that victims share some responsibility, often justified by techniques of neutralisation.

What are the 5 techniques of neutralisation?

Denial of Responsibility, Denial of Injury, Denial of the Victim, Condemnation of the Condemners, Appeal to Higher Loyalties.

What motivates hackers creatively and rebelliously?

Hackers motivated by craft and transgression often operate outside of mainstream norms.

What are the political and ideological motivations of hackers?

Beliefs in the free exchange of knowledge, technology as a social good, distrust of authority, and a meritocratic approach.

What is crypto-anarchism?

The belief that cryptology enables freedom from government control and supports decentralized, anonymous, consensual communities.