POHS-Chapter 7 Vocab PART ONE

Knowt for part one of the vocabulary of chapter 7.

anatomy

Study of the form and structure of organisms

physiology

Study of the processes of living organisms, or why and how they work

Pathophysiology

Study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes

congenital

Acquired during development of the infant in the uterus and present at birth

inherited

transmitted from parent to child genetically

infectious

Caused by a pathogenic (germ-producing) organism such as a bacteria or virus

degenerative

Caused by deterioration of the function or structure of body tissues and organs, either by normal aging or lifestyle choices

diagnosis

Identifying the disease or stating what it is

etiology

the cause of the disease

prognosis

A prediction of the probable course and/or the expected outcome of the disease

homeostasis

A constant state of natural balance within the body

protoplasm

basic substance if all life

cell

Microscopic structures that carry on all the functions of life

Cell membrane

The outer protective covering of the cell

cytoplasm

Semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus

organelles

Cell structures that help a cell to function; located in the cytoplasm

nucleus

A mass in the cytoplasm often called the “brain” of the cell; controls many cell activities and is important in the process of mitosis or cell division

nucleolus

One or more small, round bodies located inside the nucleus; important in cell reproduction

chromatin

Located in the nucleus and made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein; condenses to form chromosomes

genes

Structures that carry inherited characteristics

Genome

The total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parents

centrosome

Area of cell cytoplasm that contains two centrioles; important in reproduction of the cell

mitochondria

Rod-shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm

golgi

A stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm

endoplasmic reticulum

A fine network of tubular structures located in the cytoplasm

vacuoles

Pouchlike structures found throughout the cytoplasm that have a vacuolar membrane with the same structure as the cell membrane

lysosomes

Oval or round bodies found throughout the cytoplasm

Pinocytic vesicles

Pocketlike folds in the cell membrane

stem cells

Cells that are capable of becoming any of the specialized cells in the body

pluripotent stem cells

have the ability to differentiate into all of the cells of the adult body

embryonic stem cells

stem cells that come from embryos that are 3-5 days old

adult stem cells

undifferentiated cells that are found in many different tissues throughout the body of nearly all organisms, including humans. serve to replace cells that are lost in the tissue as needed, such as the growth of new skin every day in humans

tissue

a group of similar cells that join together to perform a particular function

dehydration

Insufficient amounts of fluid in the tissues

edema

Swelling; excess amount of fluid in the tissues

epithelial tissue

Covers the surface of the body; the main tissue in the skin

connective tissue

The supporting fabric of organs and other body parts

nerve tissue

Composed of neurons; controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting messages

muscle tissue

Body tissue composed of fibers that produces power and movement

organ

Body part made of two or more tissues joined together to perform a special function

system

Organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function

Basic unit of life

cell

Organization of life from basic unit to organism

cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism

Body planes

Imaginary lines drawn through the body at various parts to separate the body into sections

bilateral

both sides

unilateral

only one side

transverse

Horizontal plane that divides the body into a top half and a bottom half

superior

above

inferior

below

cranial

located near head

caudal

Body parts located near the sacral region of the spinal column (also known as the “tail”)

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right sections

midsagittal or median plane

Sagittal plane that runs down the midline of the body and divides the body into equal halves

medial

body parts close to midline

lateral

body parts away from midline

front/coronal plane

divides the body into a front section and a back section

ventral/anterior

Body parts in front of the plane, or on the front of the body

dorsal/posterior

Body parts on the back of the body

proximal

Body parts close to the point of reference

distal

Body parts distant from the point of reference

superficial

Body parts distant from the point of reference

deep

Also called internal, structures that are located away from the body surface