PNB exam 2

Hematopoietic

making cells of the blood

Long bone

longer than wide (ex: arm/leg/ forarm)

Short bone

wide as long (ex: feet)

Flat bone

flat rather cricl (ex skull)

Irregular bone

strong shape (ex: vertbeae)

Sasamocic

form inside tendon (ex: patella)

Medullary cavity

filled with yellow (inactive) bone marrow or fatty bone marrow

Spongy bone

is hallow and red (activated with hemotopitic stimulus) marrow fills that space

Trabeculae

in spongy bone maek the bone fell less heavy

Tibrous layer

very outside desne irrgeular CT, help connect bone tendon, provide structure/ frame work

Cellular layer

deep to fibrucus layer/ has cell that despite Ca and P

Endosteum

active layer with osteblast and osteclast at work

epiphyseal plate

consist at hyline cartitage/ growth plate

Volkamn(perforating) canal

comes in via perpustium enter horixontally

articular cartitage

lines where bones meet

Mesenchyme

has a lot blood vessel and hyaline

Fontanelles

larger areas of dense Ct in babys heads

Appositional growth

increase in width

Wolff Law

Bones remodel in response to compressive force

Kyphosis

caused by compression of spine lead to bent over prositiute can cesrease lung cavity and limted blood fluid

Articulation joint

meeting place of 2 or more bones

Range of motion (ROM)

refers to the normal extends of mobility for specific joint movements

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

number of individulas movements a joint can make

Fibrous

immoblie joint (ex: sturues of the skull)

Cartilaginous

joints in which bones are untied by cartilage limted movement (ex: verbal discs)

Synovial

most mobile joint type (ex: elbow)

Synartrosis

immovable (skull)

Amphiarthrosis

slighty movable

Diarthosis

freely movable

Flexion

tyical “bends” the joint, decreasing the angle between bones

Extension

typically “straightens” the joint, increasing angle between bones

ABduction

movement away from midline

ADduction

movement toward the midline

Circumduction

combination of movement of a cone-like shape

Rotation

movement that can occur around the longtucal axis of moving segment

Supination

back to anatomical positional (can hold soup)

Pronation

radius over unla (can dribble like pro basketball player)

inversion

away midline

Evresion

to midline

Retraction

bring back

Protraction

bring forward

Elevation

up

Depression

down

Opposition

thumb and gingers coming together to graps something

Syndesmosis (Fibrous joint)

connect two by fibrous

Synchodrosis (cartilage joint)

has hyline cartilage between 2 bones NO MOVEMENT

Symphysis (cartilage joints)

fibocartilage dics unite bones

Synovial Fluid

cushion joints

Bursa

Pillow filled with synovial fluid

Tendon Shealth

sleeve filled with synpoial fluid

Hinge Joint (Uniaxial Joint)

concave surface articulating with a convex surface

Pivot joint (Uniaxial joint)

cylinder shape rotates within ring of bone or ligament

Condyloid Joints (Biaxial Joint)

ovoid-shaped process/ articulate with a shallow cavity

Saddle joint (Biaxial Joints)

Distinclty shaped articulaing surface)

Ball and socket joint (triaxial)

spherical surface articulaing with a cup shpae socket

Tempermandibular joint (TMJ)

demonstrated by yawning

Digastric (two stomach)

opens jaw

Temporals

closes jaw

Masseter

closes jaw

Medial Ptergoid

close jaw, contraction leads to elevaltion

Lateral Ptergoid

protrustion at TMJ

Verbral Column

protects spinal cord and supports weight of body

Articulaing joints

between vertbal body that forms slightly movable symphysis joint joined by interverbral discs

Intervertbral disks

concerned the vertbral bodies

Articular facet

articulatr via slightly movable gliding joints

Outer annulus fibrosis

fibrocatilage

Inner nucleus pulopsus

is soft, elastic geltinsus materail that allows discs to absorbs shock

Double condyloid joint

allows for extended range of motion for flexion/ extension of head on the neck

Costoverbral joints

synovial joitns that connect ribs to vertbral

sternoesmastiod

obilques skull (tilts same side, tunrs opposite side)

Rectus Abdominus

flexes vertbral column

Erecto Spines

Extend vertbral column

Lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curve, comon in pregancy or overwieght individuals

Scoliosis

lateral survatures, C or S shape curve

Agonist or Primer Mover

direclty performs the desried movement (big muscle respnisble for movement)

Anatafoinst

opposes the mvement of Primer mover; performs opposite action

Synergists

smaller “helper” muscle

Shoulder girdle

connects upper extremities to axial skeleton

Sternoclavicular

Mancrium- clavicle connection (gliding joint)

Acromioclavicular

Clavicle-Acromion of scapula (gliding joint)

Trapezius

Elevates, Retracts, depresses

Shoulder (glenohmeral joint)

most freely movable joint

Deltoid (Posterior)

ABducts, extends

Latissimus dorsi

Extends, ADDuct

Supraspinatus

external rotation

Infraspinatus

extrenal rotation

Teres Minor

External roation

Triceps

extends

Deltoid (Anterior)

flexes

Pectertal Major

flex, adducts and internally rotats

Subscapularis

internal rotation

Biceps

flex

Flexors carpi ulnars and radials (anterior)

flexion

Extensus carpi ulnas and radialis (posteriori)

extension

Unlunar flexor + extensor

ADduction

Radial flexor + extensor

ABduction

OS Coxa

Illium, Ishium, Pubis

Acetabulum

made up of all 3 parts of OS coxa

Sacroilliac (Sacrum and Illium)

gliding

Pubis symphsis

symphysis (has cartilage)