Final Exam Study Guide - French Revolution to Industrialization

Flashcards covering the French Revolution, Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, Unification of Germany and Italy, Russia in the 1800s, and the Industrial Revolution.

What are some of the Enlightenment ideals that inspired the French Revolution?

Beliefs in reason, equality, and individual rights.

What was the Estates General?

A meeting comprised of representatives from the three estates to try and solve France's problems.

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

The National Assembly promised to not stop meeting until a new constitution was made.

What document, created in August 1789, declared that all men are equal and have equal rights?

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

What was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?

A law that put the Catholic Church under the government.

Define the Girondins and Jacobins political group.

Girondins: Wanted slow changes, Jacobins: Wanted fast changes.

What was the Reign of Terror?

A violent time where people were being executed for being enemies of the revolution.

What is a Coup d'état?

A sudden take over of the government by force.

What was the Napoleonic Code?

A set of laws created by Napoleon that gave rights but also limited freedoms, especially for women.

Define Meritocracy.

A system where people earn jobs based off of skills and abilities.

Define Nationalism.

The belief that people who share culture and language should have their own country.

What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna?

To restore old monarchies and keep peace in Europe after Napoleon.

What was the Bourbon Restoration?

Restoration of Bourbon family (Louis).

What was the significance of Bismarck in the unification of Germany?

The Prussian leader who unified Germany using war and smart politics.

Define Realpolitik.

Bismarck's practical and ruthless approach to politics focused on power.

Who was Camillo Cavour and what role did he play in Italian unification?

Prime minister of Sardinia, he used diplomacy to help unite Northern Italy.

What were Czar Alexander II's notable policies?

Freed the serfs in 1861 and tried to modernize Russia.

Define Russification.

The idea that Russians force their ideas onto other cultures.

What was the October Manifesto?

A promise by Nicholas II to give more rights and create a parliament called the Duma.

What is Industrialization?

The change from hand made goods to machine made goods.

What is the difference between England, Great Britain, and the UK?

England is a country, Great Britain includes Scotland and Wales, and the UK also includes Northern Ireland.

Define Urbanization.

The growth of cities as people moved there for factories and jobs.

What is Capital in the context of business?

Money used to start and grow businesses.

Who was Eli Whitney?

Inventor of the cotton gin.

What was significant about James Watt's improvements of the steam engine?

It could be used in factories.

What is Germ Theory?

The idea that tiny organisms cause disease.