MES Quiz 7 Study Set

philistines

what the Bible calls the Pelset “Sea People”

city-states

____-____ resurface after empires collapse in the Levant and Anatolia

competitive emulation

competition for territorial sovereignty against neighboring states

• as a result, lots of _______ _______

lingustics

we group different people in the Levant and Anatolia in the Early Iron Age by the _______ of monumental inscriptions (Aramaic, Neo-Hittie Phoenician)

phoenicians

_______ are off the coast of the Levant

• ethno-linguistic group

• the Greeks coined the term

• they would not have called themselves this, they would have identified with the city-state they were from

• they all spoke ______ (a language closely related with Hebrew)

language

In the Iron Age, we identify people based on _______

• we’re in a multi-cultural space with different language groups operating in the same region

merneptah

Rebellions against Egypt: ________ (1213-1203)

• Year 5 of ______ rein

  • He is Egyptian Pharaoh

  • so the Israelites might have been not far away

• References Israel as a POPULATION GROUP!

  • not a state

alliances

Egypt during Merneptah’s reign was dealing with emergent _______ among peoples who are willing to oppose the pharaoh in Egypt

israel’s

Context for ______ Emergence

• declining socioeconomic conditions in Levant after Egyptian Empire

  • increasing social marginalization (‘apiru of Amarna Letters, from 1350 BC)

    • stretching the social fabric of empires

  • resistance by emerging groups/polities (Israel, 1207 BC; Merneptah Stele)

  • piracy, raiding, and insecurity (12th century BC)

  • Imperial resettlements (after 1180 BC; Papyrus Harris I)

  • refugees and migration, 12th century BC

  • power vacuum

papyrus harris i

Imperial resettlements after 1180 BC; ______ _____ __

jaffa

Loss of Egyptian strongholds (1125 BC; _____)

philistine, israelites

Refugees and migration, 12th century BC

• ______ (sea people) expansion in coastal plain of Canaan

• refugee settlements in Highlands > ______

  • lots of people moving into HIGH, inconvenient locations

  • robinhood where people want to get away from authorities and get to a place of security

power vacuum, empire

_____ ______ (“Game of Thrones”)

• an age of opportunity for those who would be queen or king to establish themselves in a post-empirical environment

• lots of alliances being made, but nothing ever achieves the status of “_____” out of the Levant

merneptah, highlands

Sources for the Rise of Ancient Israel

• Egyptian

  • _______ (“Israel”) Stele, 1207 BC

• Books in Hebrew Bible (700-500 BC)

• Archaeological sources

  • archaeology (sites, settlement patterns, etc)

  • excavations in Israel and West Bank (______)

exodus, joshua, judges

Books in Hebrew Bible/Old Testament (700-500 BC)

• ______ - Hebrews’ flight from Egypt, wandering in Sinai

  • the Book of “exit”

  • Moses is the figure here

• _____ - conquest of Canaan by Israelites

  • _____ leads the people into the forceful conquering of Canaan

• ______ - Early life in Canaan by Israelite tribes

  • figures who are defending different communities who rule in different parts of Canaan

  • probably the OLDEST biblical history we have

oldest

the book of Judges in the torah is probably the _____ biblical history we have

700-500

Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: Defining Community

• individual “books” written principally from ____-____ BC

• narrative spans from creation to the rise of Israel, its demise, and the return of a remnant to part of Israel, known as Judah (400 BC)

myth, legend

____ and ____ etiological/origin traditions (Genesis, Exodus, Joshua)

• trying to answer the question, where did this come from?

• tells about the origins of things that are the main event of the story

legal, ritual

______ traditions: civil and _____ law (Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy

• wedged between creation and the emergence of Israel

historical

______ works (Judges, I-II Samuel; I-II Kings, etc)

• these divisions are just scrolls that were written out, but they’re all part of ONE story

prophetic commentaries

_______ _________ from 750 BC (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel)

• provided statements and lengthy commentary

canonized

the Hebrew Bible was collected and ______ by Jewish, and thereafter Christian, communities AD 100-200

cultural memory

the Book of Exedus: _____ ______ of flight

• a literary tradition

  • most referenced biblical tradition

  • Israelites flight from Egypt

  • Probably around 1450 BC

  • Unnamed Pharaoh!

  • HUGE group (>1 million)

  • set out for a literal DEATH MARCH

  • reflects later Iron Age political geography

  • was leading many other peoples out as well

history

No archaeological or iconographic support for the exedus out of Egypt as ______

• left no trace

• BUT, it was a CULTURAL MEMORY of people rebelling against Egypt, but it was not a physical event!

canaan cities

The Book of Joshua: Cultural Memories of Resistance

• describes Israelites said to be driven out

• Coalitions of Canaanite kings defeated

  • so the Book of Joshua is the resistance to _____ _____

• 3 cities of central importance were destroyed

  • Jericho

  • Ai

  • Hazor

Jericho, jordan

______ was destroyed in the Book of Joshua

• shortly after they cross the _____ River in the south

• lengthy narrative dedicated to this conquest

• archaeology cannot demonstrate that a LBA city was destroyed by Israelites

Hazor

______ was destroyed in the Book of Joshua

• in the north

• important Canaanite city that makes it into the narrative

• one of the biggest towns in Canaan in the Bronze Age

• Says that “Joshua burned _____”

• the archaeological site was actually burned

judges, kingship

the Book of _____: Warlords (Jedi’s) of Israel

• describes a social and political environment in which individual Israelite tribes struggle for security in a landscape of local city-states

• sets the stage for rise of _____ in Israel

Samuel, 2

the Book of _____: From Warlords to KINGSHIP

• lengthy historical narrative of book of Samuel was preserved in __ scrolls, referred to as “first” (1 Sam) and “second” Samuel (2 Sam)

• Narrative history and read like a book

  • mostly about mundane, everyday problems Israelites are facing

saul, david, solomon

1 Samuel to I Kings: A History of the Early Monarchy

• ____ made first king (1050-1007 BC)

  • warrior king to Israelite people

  • falls out of divine favor

  • physically a head taller than everyone else

• ____ (1007-970 BC)

  • consolidates military rule

  • Jerusalem is capital of Israel; builds palace

  • Guarantees security of tribes of Israel through violence

• _____ (970-930 BC)

  • Son of ^

  • builds temple for god in Jerusalem

‘apiru

David as ______ leader: Division, Flight, and Refuge

• David was probably an actual historical figure because his story fits in with what was happening at the time

• He was basically captain of the _____ people!

egyptian empire

Why are we looking at Judges?

• “collapse” as opportunity - who remains after Egypt leaves? how do they use this moment to build to what comes next in the Iron Age?

  • ‘apiru? sea peoples? Early Israel

• gives a window into the dynamics of a post-LB (post-_____ ____) world

  • emphasis on tribal identity - and protecting the associated land

  • judges as “warlords”

  • hill country v. the surrounding plains

• no kingship yet, but the book sets the stage for it

asherah

_____ is another god in the Levant

goliath

David as ‘Apiru leader

• Samuel is a judge and David served Saul and slays _____

• the text tells us explicitly that David is with the ‘apiru kinds of people

  • kind of strange to put David, the king, with these people

  • He only had about 400 followers in the beginning

warrior, mercenaries

David’s _____ Retinue

• David is leader of band of warriors

  • the Young men (in hebrew: nearin = warriors) (Naarim of Egyptian troops)

  • David’s heros (in hebrew. gibborim)

    • some from Israelite tribes

    • Benaiah son of Jehoiada “over the Cherethites and Pelethites”

    • “foreign legion”

      • 3 Harrarites; Hurrians?

      • 1 Ammoni(te)

      • 1 Hittite

  • ________ drawn from various Israelite and non-Israelite communities

warlord, jerusalem

David as a ______ (1007-970 BC)

• 2 Samuel 1 - 1 Kings 2:11

• Conquers _______ (1000 BC)

• David builds palace in ______

  • Hiram of Tyre supplies David with timber and craftsmen

hiram of tyre

_____ _ ____ supplies King David with timber and craftsmen in Jerusalem

philistines, traditional

David creates territorial state; wars happen between him and

• ______

• Moabites

• Amameans of Zobah led by Hadadezer

• Arameans of Damascus

• Hamath pays tribute

• Edomites

• Ammonites

• Amalekites

• attempted coup d’etat by Absalom

• more wars against ______

  • fights all the ______ enemies of Israel

house of david

the “____ __ _____” inscription, 825 BC

• erected as “victory” stele of the Aramean King Hazael at Tel Dan, 825 BC

• Hazael defeated/killed the Kings of ‘the ____ __ _____’ and Israel (after split in monarchy)

• evidence of historic identification of Davidic Dynasty as early as 9th century BC

aramean king Hazael

“The House of David” Stele was made by the _____ ___ _____ in 825 BC at Tel Dan after he defeated the Kings of ‘the house of david’ and Israel

the sons of Israel, beney

Israelites: “__ __ _ ____”

• biblical framework described for Israelite Society

  • Hebrew _____ Israel = “sons of Israel” = nation

  • hebrew shebet/mateah = tribe

  • hebrew mishpaha = clans

  • hebrew bet’ab - household

imagined communities

_______ ________ is a book by Benedict Anderson

• says that “nations are imagined political communities”

• every person has to figure out where they will put their loyalty and if they are willing to die for their country

shema, nicene creed, shahada

Monotheistic Gods

• Judaism’s _____

  • “Hear, O Israel. God is our God. God is one”

• Christianity’s _____ _____

  • “we believe in one God, the father almighty, maker of all things visible and invisible”

• Islams’s _______

  • On the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem: “There is no god by god alone; he has no partner with him; Muhammad is the messenger of God.”

elim

Ancient Israelite conceptions of the divine:

• the Israelites believed that God presided over a council of divine beings that they called the “___”

cultic traditions

Evolution of _____ _______

• middle and late bronze age cult in the Levant

  • temple traditions

  • LB Ugarit

• Ugaritic mythological texts

• elements of biblical tradition

• religious traditions of the Israelite State

direct-axis, migdol, solomonic

Amorite and Canaanite religious traditions in the Levant

• ___-___ temples of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages

  • _____ temple type of MB-LB

  • Amorite origins in 3rd millennium BC

  • _________ temple construction

  • Statue of deity in inner sanctum (“holy of holies”)

holy of holies

Type of statue that appears in “____ __ _____” within temples

• one had a beard insert

• one example: El = The Father

  • In Megiddo in northern Israel

ba’al/balu

____/____

• storm god equated with Hadad/Addu (2nd mill)

• known from Ba’al Cycle myth from Ugarit

• found in Hazor, Israel

golden calf

the ______ ____

• ______ ____ traditions in Bible

  • wilderness (Exodus)

  • Jeroboam (1 kings)

• calf symbol of Ba’al/Hadad the storm god

  • found in Calf shrine, Ashkelon, Israel in MBA

• in ancient times they would have known the calf referenced in the Torah was Ba’al

zoomorphism

______ describes the association of gods with particular animals

gezer massebot

______ ______ (Standing stones)

• like how Hammurabi’s laws are written on a standing stone

• _____ on road between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv

ishtar

Ashserah/Astarte: _______

• LBA plaque figurines, 1500-1100 BC

• _______, 600-300 BC

  • “King Asa also removed his mother Maacah from being queen mother because she had made an abominable image for ______; Asa cut down his image and burned it at the Wadi Kidron”

• female figurines that are said to be connected to the goddess of love/war/protection/fertility

cave, brick-built, subterranean intramural

Life after Death? Burial Customs of the LBA

• _____ burials (families/clans)

• ____-____ cists (individuals)

• __________ ________ burials (families)

ras shamra

Ugarit (___ _____)

• discovered 1928

• Excavations since 1933-2010

• discovery of earliest “alphabetic” writing (Ugaritic lanugae)

• within Amorite cultural traditions

• has a couple of temples in 1200 BC

  • probably had more because Ugarit had around 300 gods!

ba’al

the image of ____ at Ugarit

• carved from stone, looks like image in Hazor

• ____ Stele

• wearing white crown of egypt in one of them and throwing lightning bolts and style of hair from Anatolia

cycle, 6

the Ba’al Muth (the “____”)

• __ large tablets (and fragments)

• excavated in the so-called “library of the high priest” at Ugarit (Ras Shamra, Syria) between the years 1930-1933

• the colophon at the end of the story (the final tablet) takes the tablet to the Reign of Niqmaddu (1380-1346 BC)

• certain similarities to Enuma Elish, with variations reflecting cultural history of Ugarit and the Levant (Amorite?)

Combat myth

the Ba’al Cycle is a ____ ____ describing Ba’al’s struggle to overcome his enemies and ascend to power

levantine, political

Significance of Ba’al Myth

• primary basis for understanding ______ pantheon (Canaanites, Phoenicians, Israelites)

• _____ overtones

  • dynastic succession

  • symbols of kingship (palace)

  • legitimacy

• cultic overtones

  • seasonal cycles (rain v. non-rain)

  • resurrection/overcoming death

el/ilu, Yamm, Ba’lu

Pantheon: the Major Divinities of Ugarit

• __/_ (“god”) and Athirat

  • divine couple that rule the pantheon

• _____ (“sea”) and Mot (“death”)

  • the powerful children of El

• Shapshu (“the sun”)

  • sun goddess who overseas the cosmos, and thus travels between the heavens and the Underworld

• _____ (“the lord”)

  • the young upstart storm god

  • could be compared to how the jews think of their god

• Anat

  • Ba’al’s sister, goddess of war, the hunt, and love

  • loosely parallel with Sumerian Inanna

• Kothar-wa-Hasis (“crafty and wise”)

  • divine craftsman who is asked to build palace and contructs the special weapons used by Ba’al to defeat Yamm

athirat

El’s wife in the gods of Ugarit

mot

god of death in Ugarit

yamm, house, death

the structure of the Ba’al Myth

• tablets 1-2

  • ba’al’s conflict with the sea (called "____”)

• tablets 3-4

  • Ba’al acquires kingship and a “_____” (palace and dynasty)

• tablets 5-6

  • ba’al’s conflict with _____ (called “Mot”)

polytheism, aniconic, solomon

Monotheism in the Hebrew Bible

• God presides over all divine beings (compared to Baal)

• God, as focus of exclusive worship (compared to _____ in Ugarit)

• ______ tradition (compared to Ugaritic stelae)

  • “you shall not make other gods besides me”

  • aka, no idols

• temple to god built in Jerusalem by _______

  • others have temples to ba’al, astarte, and dagon in Bronze Age (compared to Ugarit)

israelite temple

National shrine for God, 970-586 BC: ______ ____ in Jerusalem

• has an ark of the Covenant

asherah

• female figurines often identified as ________

• typical of Levantine archaeological contexts from the MBA to the Iron Age

• association based on features by comparison to Ugarit and biblical literatures

judean pilar figurines

_____ ____ _____

• common from 700-586 BC in Judah (after fall of Samaria)

• two types:

  • holding breasts

  • holding frame-drum

• most often found in domestic contexts

• likely were dressed up like dolls

hezekiah

______, king of Judah (727-698 BC)

• He did what was right in the eyes of god

• “He removed the high places, smashed the sacred stones, and cut down the Asherah poles. He broke into pieces the bronze snake Moses had made, for up to that time the Israelites had been burning incense to it. (It was called Nebushtan)”

bronze snake

Hezekiah, King of Judah was said to have broken the ___ ____ Moses had made

Nebushtan

Hazekiah, king of Judah destroyed the _____ and started a new religious reform

aramean, hadad

Ba’al can be compared to the ______ storm god _____

anatu

Baal’s sister who was a warrior goddess and very violent in the Baal Cycle

agricultural

the Ba’al Cycle closely relates to the _______ cycle in the Levant

akkadian, ugaritic

Ugarit Texts (1200 BC)

• most in Ugaritic, some in _______

  • archives from private residences

  • palace archives

    • administrative texts (ration lists, letters)

    • religious texts (in ______)

      • ba’al cycle

      • kurta epic

      • Tale of Aqhat

deborah

the prophetess in the Book of Judges that has a song