Com 101-Semester Test

3 elements of public speaking

practice, preparation, and personality

Anxiety

• visualization

• breathe

• practice/prepare

• be conversational

• have an outline

• over come fear→develop trust with the audience

Special occasion speech

• happens at an event, something like a banquet or meeting

• be celabratory, entertaining, inspirational, and commemorative

Dyaidic conversation

• conversation between 2 people

• personal and mmediate

Small group communication

• group of 3-20 people (give or take)

• personal because smaller group than mass communication and public speaking

• immediate

Mass communication

• communication to the masses

• impersonal and not immediate

Public speaking

• communicating with 1 person in 1 place at 1 time to hundreds of people

• communicating with 1 person a the same tie, speaking to thousands of people

The communication process

source→encoding→message→channel→reciever→decoding→encoding→feedback→channel→decoding

Noise

text taken out of context, autocorrect, system down, broken tech

Channel

text, call, email, social media, letter, newspaper

The speech making process

1. select a topic

2. analyze the audience

3. determine the general speech purpose

4. compose a thesis statement

5. develop main points

6. gather supporting materials

7. separate the speech into its main parts

8. outline the speech

9. consider visual aids

10. practice speech delivery

Select a topic

make it relevant

Analyze the audience

• demographics

• psychology

• disposition

Determine the general speech purpose

• inform

• persaude

• mark an occasion (entertain)

Compose a thesis statement

clearly express the central idea

Separate the speech into its main points

• introduction

• body

• conclusion

Cannons of rhetoric

invention, arrangement, literary style, delivery, and memory

Invention

content

Arrangement

organization

Literary style

engaging, aid memory

• repetition

• metaphors

• similies

• aliteration

Delivery

verbal

• volume and tone

non-verbal

• eye contact, movement, and gestures

Memory

theme

• repetition

• be concrete

Ethics

a branch of philosophy that deals with issues right and wrong in human affairs

Ethics in speaking

Artistotle- “being of good moral character”

• providing credibility

• being honest

• don’t misrepresent information

  • have a responsibility

First amendment

protects freedom of speech

Unethical speech

• slander

• invasion of privacy

• perjury

• hate speech

• inciting violence

Definition of plagiarism

taking someone else’s words, art, ideas, and work as your own (not crediting them)

• use it as motivation- you are better than everyone else

• don’t use their second-rate work

Active thinking

• pay attention (verbal)

• ask questions

• wait for responses

• attention to speaker (physical)

Hearing

a sensory process in which sounds hit your eardrum

Listening

a mental/neurological process where sounds are interpreted and understood

Analyzing the audience

identifying characteristics and preferences to adapt messages to fit audience needs

Demographics

statistics on a given population

Psychology

meaningful messages

Disposition

orientation to a topic, speaker, or occasion

Audience demographics

6 major factors

• age

• gender

• religion

• politics

• ethnic or cultural backgrounds

• socioeconomic status-income, education, and profession

speech setting

• sizr of audience

• location

• time to speak

• length of speech

• speech content

Values

a moral in society

Beliefs

a feeling about the moral

Attitudes

making a judgement that we make about those beliefs in terms of if they are right or wrong

Audience disposition

what are they thinking before the speech even begins

Topic

• What do they know about the topic?

• What do they feel about their topic?

-nWhat is their interest about the topic?

Speaker

goal- to be credible, engaging, and knowledgable

What creates identification?

• share a story

• mutual goal (solve a problem together)

• share a role together

• dress for success (be presentable)

Context

where the speech is

Situation

ex: if the air doesn’t work and it’s too hot

If you follow the 3 elements of public speaking, what do you gain?

confidence

Sources

the person who creates the message

Encoding

the physcial process of delivering the message

Reciever

the recipient of the source’s message (in public spekaing=the audience)

Decoding

the process of interpreting the speaker’s message

Message

the content of the communication process; the speaker’s thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expression

Feedback

response of the audience

Shared meaning

mutual understanding of a message between speaker and audience

Persuasive speech

change on an idea, attitude, value, or behavior

Informative speech

audience learns something

• about you

• current event

Topic selection process

general topic, narrowed topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis statement

How do supporting materials function

• create interest & engage attention

• illustrate, elaborate, & clarify ideas

• proves statements true or false

What are supporting materials

• examples

• narratives/short stories

• testimonies

• facts

• statistics

Lay testimony

opinion based from an individual who does not have expertise

Expert testimony

expertise, experience, education relating to a topic (ethics and ethos)

3 kinds of testimonies

• lay

• expert

• eye witness

facts

a proven true statement

statistics

numerical fact; quantitative result

Primary research

first hand accounts

• diary

• survey

• autobiography

Secondary research

vast amount. ofinformation collected by other people

• search engine

• newspaper

• news and radio

• books and magazines