Chemistry kennon unit 1

Groups/families

vertical columns ↑↓, top to bottom

Periods

horizontal rows ←→, left to right

Oxidation numbers

charges, located in gold stars above a group

Valence electrons

in the outermost shell, circled in blue

Principle Quantum number (energy level)

n=1, 2, etc., describes the energy level or shell of an electron in an atom

Sublevels

s (1), p (2), d (3), f (4), and numbers s, p, d, f

Alkali metals

group 1 or 1A

Alkaline earth metals

group 2 or 2A

Transition metals

groups 3-12, d-block

Inner transition metals

a group of metallic elements characterized by the filling of their f-orbitals, 57-71, 89-103

Halogens

group 17 or 17A

Noble gases

inert gases, group 18 or 18A, unreactive

metals

characterized by their ability to conduct heat and electricity, their shiny appearance, and their ability to be shaped, on the left side and in the center of the periodic table

nonmetals

typically poor conductors of heat and electricity, are brittle when solid, and often have a dull appearance, on the right side and in the upper right portion of the periodic table

Metalloids

solids at room temperature and often have a shiny, metallic appearance, but they're brittle like nonmetals, can conduct energy, semi conductors, along the staircase in p block

diatomic

unstable as a singular atom, it exists as a molecule covalently bonded to itself, H2, look for an orange asterisk

solids

having a definite shape and volume, particles are not moving

liquids

having a definite volume, but not a definite shape, particles are oozing over one another

gases

nondefinite shape or volume, particles are going everywhere

endothermic

thermal energy enters a system so heat is absorbed and the temperature of the surroundings decreases

exothermic

thermal energy leaving a system so heat is released, and the temperature of the surroundings increases

melting

solid to liquid, absorbs, endothermic

freezing

liquid to solid, releases, exothermic

Evaporation

liquid to vapor, absorbs, endothermic

condensation

vapor to liquid, releases, exothermic

sublimation

solid to vapor, absorbs, endothermic

deposition

vapor to solid, releases, exothermic

Pure substances of elements

consistent and simplest form of an atom(s), cannot be broken down anymore, oxygen, gold, sodium, on peroidic table

Pure substances of compounds

two or more different elements are chemically bonded together in fixed proportions, water, salt, carbon dioxide, chemical formulas, bonded in a fixed ratio

heterogeneous mixtures

components are not uniformly distributed and can be visibly distinguished, salad, sand and water, visual inspection, settling

homogeneous mixtures

solution, components are uniformly distributed, components are not visibly distinguishable, solids, liquids, gases, saltwater, air, transparency, consistent samples, salt solute, water solvent

Physical properties

characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity or chemical composition of the substance, color, density, characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity or chemical composition of the substance.

intensive physical properties

does not depend on the amount or quantity of matter, color, melting point, property remains the same regardless of how much of the substance is present

extensive physical properties

depends on the amount or quantity of matter present in a sample, mass, length, property changes when the amount of the substance changes

Chemical properties

ability or inability to undergo a change that alters its chemical composition, flammability, toxicity, if the characteristic is evident during or after a chemical reaction where the substance's composition changes.

chemical changes

substances combine to form entirely new materials, burning wood, rusting iron, look for bubbles forming,

physical change

without altering its chemical identity or composition, changes of state, changing size, changes in a substance's appearance, shape, size, or state of matter without a change in its chemical composition.

chemistry

scientific study of matter and its changes

Qualitative data

descriptive, non-numerical information, color of a chemical solution, use your senses to describe the data

Quantitative data

numerical information, mass of a sample, concentration of a solution, anything that can be counted or measured and expressed with numbers

Conclusion

summary of the results of an experiment or investigation

theory

well-substantiated, broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world, big bang theory, broad, well-supported explanation

Scientific law

statement describing what always happens under certain conditions

catalyst

substances that speed up the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy, the energy required for reactants to proceed to products

Atomic number represents

protons (+) determines elemental identity

Atomic number located on the periodic table

above the element's symbol on the periodic table

Atomic number identifies

a chemical element

Atomic mass represents

number of protons and neutrons, always larger than the atomic number

Atomic mass located on the periodic table

below the element’s symbol