Info Systems FINAL

Software as a Service (SaaS)

• accessible via web browser  

• priced on a pay-per-use basis / subscription fee

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Development and deployment environment

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

• servers, storage, and networking

• common uses: business continuity, disaster recovery, big data

Application Programming Interface (API)

Facilitates app communication

CIA Triad

Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability in data security.

Cost of Quality

Prevention costs $1, correction $10, failure $100.

ETL

Extract, Transform, Load: data processing method.

Data Lake

Stores raw data until needed for analysis.

Null Testing

Checks for absent values in data.

Django

Web framework for building applications in Python.

Blockchain

• Decentralized digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers.

• Each record (block) is linked to the previous one, ensuring security and transparency

Privacy Principles

Privacy, confidentiality, transparency, free will, fairness.

Natural Language Processing

Interprets and analyzes human language.

Neural Network

Machine learning model mimicking human brain functions.

Agile Methodology

• Manage a project by breaking it up into several phases

  • Involves constant collaboration with stakeholders and continuous improvement at every stage

  • Once the work begins, teams’ cycle through a process of planning, executing, and evaluating

1st tier evolution

 keep the doors open (support transactions and maintain operations)

2nd tier evolution

know the past & current operations

3rd tier evolution

combine internal/external data to provide insight to future operations/probabilities and help set strategy

Spear phishing

• Malicious email or text messaging sent to a specific person

• Criminals already have some information about the victim

Angler phishing

Tricking victim by way of using info the victim has posted on social media

Advanced Persistent Threats (APT)

Sophisticated, long-term cyber-attacks targeting specific entities, such as governments or large organizations

Denial-of-Service (DoS)

Make system unusable so denies access/disrupts workflow

Master Data Management (MDM)

• Who

• What

• Where

Object-oriented databases (OODB)

• Storage of all data types

• Stored in the form of objects

• Each object contains both data (attributes or fields) and the methods (functions) that can operate on that data

SQL - Structured Query Language

• Commands to access and manipulate databases

  • It is queries to INSERT, DELETE, SEARCH, ALTER, and more, with the database

Data warehouse

• Facilitate a single version of truth for a company for decision making and forecasting

• Contains historical commutative data from single or multiple sources

Data mesh

Decentralization and distribution of data ownership, both at a technical and organizational level

Extract

• Before data can be moved to a new destination, it must first be extracted from its source

• Structured and unstructured data is imported and consolidated into a single repository. Volumes of data can be extracted from a wide range of data sources

Transform

• CLEANSE Resolve inconsistencies and missing values

• STANDARDIZE Apply formatting rules

• DE-DUPLICATE Discard redundant data

• VERIFY Remove unusable data, flag anomalies

• SORT Organize data according to type

Load

Load newly transformed data into a new destination (data lake or data warehouse)

Full loading

Everything reloaded; Can grow exponentially if old not dropped; Can take a long time to load

Incremental loading

• only produces additional records if new and unique information is found 

Syntax-ruled command statements

Structure of programming statements that direct action (input, output, print, assign value, compute value)

Network protocols

• Rules that define how data is transmitted between devices on a network

• Ensure communication and compatibility

• Govern data exchange, security, and error handling

How data travels in a network

• Data is broken into packets

• Packets are sent through routers and switches

• Reassembled at the destination device

How IoT works

• Sensors and Devices:

  • Collect data from the environment

• Connectivity: 

  • Use Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks to send data

• Data Processing: 

  • Analyze data using cloud or local systems

• User Interface:

  • Deliver insights or control options to users

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)

• Decentralized database managed by multiple participants.

• Blockchain is a type of DLT, but not all DLTs use the block-based structure of blockchain.

Key features of blockchain and DLT

• Decentralization: No single authority controls the system

• Transparency: Transactions are visible to all participants

• Immutability: Data, once written, cannot be altered

• Security: Uses cryptographic algorithms to ensure data integrity

Ledger

Records classified and summarized transactional data

Hash

function that converts an input of letters and numbers into an encrypted output

Blocks

data structure containing a hash, previous hash and data

Blockchain

A type of distributed ledger, consisting of blocks of data that maintain a permanent and tamper—proof record of transactional data

Ethereum

decentralized, open source blockchain platform with smart contract functionality

Data privacy

Responsible collecting, using and storing data about people, in line with their expectations, regulations, and laws

Intellectual property

Creative work in physical form

Fair Information Practice (FIP)

set standards governing the collection and use of personal data, addressing issues of privacy and accuracy

Natural Learning Processing (NLP)

• machine learning that can interpret and respond to human language 

• NLP techniques select a sequence of words based on their probability of satisfying a goal, such as summarization, question and answering, or translation

• Applications:

  • Text classification and sentiment analysis

  • Language translation

  • Named entity recognition: identify and extract named entities such as people, places, and organizations from text

  • Text summarization

  • Question answering Chatbot

Deep learning

Employs neural networks and learns continuously

Agile manifesto - four values

• Individuals and interactions over processes and tools

• Working software over comprehensive documentation

• Customer collaboration over contract negotiation

• Responding to change over following a plan