Animal Anatomy and Physiology 1 - Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life (in progress)

Anything that occupies _____ and has a mass

Space

How else can we identify matter?

With our senses

Matter is not the same as ___

Weight

Matter exists in ____ states

Various

Matter is composed of ___ or more elements

One

Matter has one type of ____

Atom

All the elements are listed on the ___

Periodic Table of Elements

Each element is a single ___ substance consisting of only one type of ___.

• Pure

• Atom

Can join in various ___ to form all the matter existing on earth

Combinations

Four elements make up ____ of matter found in all living things

96%

The 4 elements that make up most living things are

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

What does Calcium (Ca) affect?

• Bones

• Teeth

• Muscle contractions

• Nerve impulse transmissions

• Blood clotting

What does Phosphorus (P) affect?

• Bones

• Backbone of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

• Important energy transfer (ATP)

What does Potassium (K) affect?

• Positive ion with cells

• Important for nerve function (sends signals down neuron)

What does Sodium (Na) affect?

• Positive ion in extracellular fluid

• Nerve function (Outside the cell)

What does Chlorine (Cl) affect?

• Extracellular fluid

• Also the most abundant NEGATIVE ion

Atom is the ___ unit of an element

Smallest

Does an atom retain the same properties of the element?

Yes

What are the subatomic particles in an atom?

• Proton (+)

• Neutrons

• Electrons (-)

Cation is a ____

Anion is a ____

1. Positive charge

2. Negative Charge

A molecule forms when atoms are joined together by ____ bonds

Chemical

____ or more atoms of the same element join together we call the result a molecule of the element

Two

A _____ forms when an atom bonds with other atoms, may include atoms of the same element or different ones

Molecule

A ____ must involve an atom bonding with atoms of two or more different elements

Compound

Can a molecule be seen?

No

Are all molecules compound?

No

Can compound molecules be seen?

Yes

Can compounds be broken apart?

No

Sodium and chloride are ____

Ions

Sodium is a _____ and has a ____ charge

1. Cation

2. Positive

All cations are positive

Yes

Chloride is a ____ and has a ____ charge

1. Anion

2. Negative

All anions have a negative charge

Yes

Most matter is combined into a ____ of two or more elements

Mixture

Water is the universal solvent

Yes

A solvent can ___

Dissolve a solid (can be liquid or gas)

A solute ___

• Is a solid

• Dissolves in solvent

• Can be liquid or gas

_________ mixtures of various substances

Homogeneous

Components can be _____

1. Gases

2. Liquids

3. and/or solids

A component that is in the greatest amount is called _____

Solvent

Substances in smaller amounts are called _____

Solutes

Solutes in solutions are ___

Very Tiny

Ex: Mineral water

Solutions are:

Clear

Evenly distributed in the solvent

Don’t settle and refract light

Yes

Solutions are ____

Homogeneous

Colloids (emulsions) are ____

Heterogeneous

Colloids have _______ solutes than those found in solutions

Larger sized

Solutes do not ______ out of colloids but they often _____

• precipitate

• reflect light

Colloids appear _____

Translucent or Milky

What is Sol-gel transformation?

Ability to transform from a liquid to a solid and back again

Is Jell-o and cystol Sol-gel transformations?

Yes

Suspension Mixtures are ____

Heterogeneous

Suspensions contain solutes that _______ from the solution when there is no ______ of the suspension

• Readily seperate

• Movement

Example of a suspension mixture

Blood

A compound is

Only Homogeneous

The components of a compound are

• Is chemically bonded

• Seperation is more difficult

• Breaking of chemical bonds

A mixture is

Homo/Heterogeneous

Can you seperate a mixture? How?

Yes, easily

• Filtration

• centrifugation

• straining

• evaporation

Compounds are in _____ organisms

Living

Organic Organisms are:

• Essential components of all living organisms

• Large & complex molecules (100’s are grouped together)

• CONTAIN carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds

Organic Organisms examples are:

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

• Triglycerides

• Nucleic Acids

Inorganic Organisms are:

• Essential components of all living organisms

• small molecules

• RARELY contain Carbon

• NEVER CONTAIN Hydrocarbons

Inorganic Organism examples are:

• Water

• Salts

• Acids

• Bases

Inorganic Compounds are

• Water

• Salts

• Acids

• Bases

• PH scale

• Buffers

______ chemicals that dissolve/mix well in water

Hydrophillic

_____ Do not mix well with water

Hydrophobic

Role of water

• Ideal transport medium

• Capacity for absorption of high heat

• High heat needed to vaporize

• Lubricant (plurafluid is made of mostly water, protects lungs from ribs)

• 90% of blood is water

Salt is a principle form of ____ that enter and are stored in the body

Minerals

Salt added to water immediately ____ (divide into separate ions)

Ionize

Salt in ionic form are known as ___

Electrolytes

(Salt) Sodium Chloride role

Present in large amounts in blood and other tissues

(Salt) Calcium Phosphate role

Gives bones their rigidity

Acid and Bases are ___

Electrolytes

H+ donor is:

• An acid

• A proton

• Freely releases H+ions in water

• In our stomach (Hydrochloric acid)

Alkaline compound:

• Freely releases OH- ions in water

• Example: Sodium hydroxide

What does the PH scale do?

Measures acidity and alkalinity

Range of the PH scale

0-14

0 and 1 is

The most acidic

14 on the scale means:

7 on the scale means::

1. The most alkaline/basic

2. Neutral

What number on the PH scale is needed for the body to function properly?

7.4

What maintains the 7.4 PH level in the body?

Body tissues and blood

Buffers are _______

Weak acids or bases

What do buffers do?

• Don’t completely ionize in water

• Stabilize the solution (grabbing or releasing ions)

• The most common buffer system

Organic compounds are

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acid

_______ are long complex molecules w/ repeating units

Macromolecules

The 4 groups in organic compound

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acid

Carbon is an essential component of ____ molecules

Organic

Carbon is:

• Small in size

• Electrically neutral

• SHARES ELECTRONS W/ OTHER ATOMS

Enables formation of ___ hydrocarbon chains or rings

long

_____ can attach to carbon chains or rings

Functional groups

Carbohydrates (Carbon & Oxygen) are ____

Hydrated (water-containing) carbon molecules

Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is ___

2:1

Sugar molecules are used for ____, ______, & ______

• Energy

• Storage of energy

• Cellular structures

Sugar examples

1. Table sugar

2. starch

3. cellulose

Monosaccharide is a ____

Simple Sugar

Monosaccharide is the ____ form of carbohydrate

Simplest

Monosaccharide contains _____ carbon atoms in a chain/ring

3-7

Hexose sugar (glucose or fructose) has __ carbons

6
(C6H12O6)

Pentose sugar has ___ carbons

5

Disaccharise is __ monosaccharides joined together

2
(Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose)

Polysaccaride is a combination of __ monosaccharides

many
(Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose)