module 4-8 ; unit 1 ౨ৎ

ap psych

hindsight bias

one becomes convinced they accurately predicted an event before it occurs

overconfidence

overestimation of one’s true ability to do something

theory

a principle of interrelated principles that predicts a # of interrelated phenomena

hypothesis

a precise n testable estimate of what the researchers predict for a study outcome

operational definition

a description of something in terms of the operations (actions, processes, or procedure) by which is OBSERVED

replication

repetition of an original experiment / research study - verify the result

case-study

an in-depth investigation of a single individual, family, or other entry

survery

study - group of participants - selected from a population & data abt opinions from those participants - collected, analyzed, measured

false consensus effect

tendency to overestimate how much other ppl agree w/ as

population

studies psychological consequences of population , typically in regard to high population density

random sample

a subset of individuals randomly selected by researchers to represent an entire group as a whole

naturalistic observation

a qualitive research method where you record the behaviors of your research subjects in real world settings

correlation studies

type of research design that looks at the relationships between 2/+ variables

scatterplots

shows the relationship between 2 quantative variables measured for the same individuals

correlation coefficient

indicates a measure of the direction & strength of a relationship between 2 variables

illusory correlation

when the observer ‘sees’ a relationship that “wasn’t there” in the information presented

regression > the mean

thendancy for extreme or unusal scores or events to regress towards the mean

experiment

an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested

double-blind procedure

one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular experiment

placebo effect

when a person’s physical / mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo / “dummy treatment”

experimental condition

the group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable

control condition

people assigned to the control group serve as the basis of comparison for the people in the experimental condition

random assignment

a way of placing participants from you sample into different treatment groups using randomization

independent variable

the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment

dependent variable

the variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation

confounding variables

those that affect other variables in a way that produces spurious / distorted associations between 2 variables

general sectional research

have identified mental abilities that do and don’t change as people age

longitudinal sectional research

restudying same abilities overtime

cross sectional research

comparing people of different age

measures of central tendency

neatly summarizes data ; central / typical value for a probability distribution

measures of variation

how similar / diverse scores are

standard deviation

the standard for measuring how much score deviate from one another

statistical significance

a statistical significance of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

confounding variables

a type of extraneous variable that are related to a study’s independent and dependent variables

descriptive statistics

used to measure and describe characteristics of the group under study

inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize - infer from sample data that probability of smth being true of a population