Praxis Early Childhood Education 5025 Language & Literacy

Oral Language acquisition

Pre-linguistic birth-10 months:

discriminate speech from other sounds

Discover phonemes: /ma/ /ba/ etc.

1 month: start crying or producing sounds to convey information (hungry, hurt etc)

Cooing in response to pleasure

6 months: babbling phase

9-10 Months: intonation patterns and rephrase babble that sounds like words.

Holophrastic period 12-18 months:

Single word phrase. Single words convey meaning.

Name person, objects, places

Vocabulary ~30 words

Says "no" meaningfully

Understand what's being said

Telegraphic period 2-3 years

Two word phrases

Recites familiar rhymes

30 months: acquiring rules of syntax

Complex period 3-5 Years:

Acquisition slows vocabulary grows

Morphology

"foots" Mans" overgeneralization of rules

Syntax and complex questions

Semantics

Written Language acquisition

Pre Phonemic 0-6:

No link between phonemes and graphemes

Random scribbling

Controlled Scribbling

Circular Scribbling

Drawing to convey messages

Mock Letters

Letter strings directional and down the page, no correlation to words

Separated words spaces present

Learning to spell: 6 years:

Graphemes = phonemes

Basic motor skills and basic spelling

Consolidation 7-8 Years:

Writing = spoken language

casual, colloquial, lots of clauses

Differentiation 9-10 Years:

Writing different than speech

Writing for different audiences

Integration mid teens:

Personal voice present

Appropriate linguistic choices made

Spelling Stages

Prephonemic - scribbling and mock letters

Semiphonetic: link letters and sounds to write

Phonetic - phonemes represented by graphemes

Phonics spelling stages

Logographic: words learned as whole units. Embedded in a logo

Alphabetic: Use individual letters and sounds to identify

Orthographic: patterns in words to identify words w/o sounding them out

Environmental Print

Print in every day life logos and symbols

Print Concepts

Difference between letters, words, puncutation, directionality.

Phonological awareness importance

Predictor of reading ability

Alliteration

Matching beginning sounds of words

Rhyme

Matching end sounds of words

Sentence Segmentation

Sentences broken into individual words

Syllables

Small sounds in words

Onset and Rime

Initial consonant + vowel and after

Phonemes

Smallest unit of sound

Blending

Putting a word back together

Segmenting

Pulling a word apart

Deletion

Deleting a sound or part of a word

CVC

consonant vowel consonant, cat hot tip man hut

CCVC

Consonant consonant vowel consonant: hunt, fast, cart, milk, want

Irregularly spelled words

Words that are not spelled as they sound

Homonyms

Words which sound alike or are spelled alike but have a different meaning

Homophones

A word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning

Sight Word

Words recognized within three seconds: read without decoding

High Frequency Word

Commonly found words in the language.

Decodable Words

Words able to sound out - segmenting the sounds in the word

Root Words

Basis of a word, but does not form a word on it's own

Affixes

Morphene attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form -ing -ed -un -like

Fluency

Speak, write, read, fluidly and rapidly

Rate

Reading speed

Prosody

Patterns of stress and intonation in language

EnglishLanguage learner specific strategies

Use pictures, understanding of letters

Moral

Lesson learned from the story

Theme

Subject of a text

Central idea

What it's about / trying to convey

Key Details

Important facts and details

Inferences

A conclusion reached on the basis of textual evidence

Sequencing

Order of events in a story

Exposition

Comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory. Introduction of a story.

Rising action

A series of events building towards the point of greatest interest

Climax

Turning point that changes the fate

Resolution

The conflict unravels

Dramatic Structure

Exposition

Rising Action

Climax

Falling Action

Resolution

Effect of point of view on a literary text

How the story is one sided; what is left out of the story; alternate view points of history

First Person POV

"I" "we"

Second person POV

Employs the pronoun "you"

Third Person POV

Uses pronouns "he" "she" "it"

Grade Level Equivalent Leveling System

Readability of the text by grade.

Guided reading level Leveling System

Alphabetic system - levels within grades. Wide range of abilities.

Lexile Framework Leveling System

Numerical filter assesses books difficulty. Prose only. Includes assessments.

Developmental Reading Assessment Leveling System

Measures accuracy fluency and comprehension: below, near, at, above grade level

Interest Level Leveling System

Students in these grades are most likely to be engaged by

Grade Level Leveling System

Basal readers

Reading Recovery Levelins System

Remediation program

Developmental Stages of writing

Scribble

Drawing

Controlled Linear

Mock Letters

Letter Strings

Semi Phonetic

Phonetic

Conventional

Strategies to support development of emergent writing

Copying print

How print conveys a message

Modeling

Transcribing

Informative Writing

Non fiction. Writing that conveys information

Explanatory

Conveys information to increase understanding of a process or procedure

Narrative

Tells a story so the audience learns a lesson or gains insight.

Stages of the writing process

Prewriting

Drafting

Revising

Editing

Publishing

Evaluating

Peer Review

Elements in writing

Introductory paragraph

Thesis statement

Background Information

Points of discussion

Concluding paragraph

Subject of writing

Topic you are discussing

Purpose of writing

To give the reader information or persuade readers

Focus of writing

Assertion that conveys your point of view

Assertion

A sentence stating your topic and the point you want to make

Research Process Steps

Select Topic

Focus Question

Design Study

Collect Data

Analyze Data

Interpret Data

Inform others

Primary Source

Direct or firsthand evidence

Primary source examples

Historical or legal document, eyewitness accounts, research results, statistical data, audio/visual recordings, speeches, art objects, interviews, surveys

Secondary Source

Describe discuss interpret comment analyze evaluate summarize and process primary sources

Secondary Source examples

newspapers or magazines book reviews evaluating someone else's research

Plagiarism definition

Using another's words as your own ideas

Paraphrasing

Rewriting content in your own words

Active Listening indicators

Smile

Eye Contact

Posture

Mirroring

No Distractions

Strategies to promote conversation

Types of questions asked

Modeling metacognition

Providing opportunities for conversation

Encouraging collaboration

Engaging Oral Presentations

Volume of speech

Articulation

Awareness of audience

Preperation

Noun

Person place or thing

Pronoun

replacement for a noun

Adjective

Describes a noun or pronoun

Very

Action word

Adverb

describes

Preposition

Specify location or location in time

Conjunction

joins words phrases or clauses "and or but"

Interjection

Words that express emotion

Parts of spelling

Capitalization

Italics

Punctuation

Sentences

Paragraphs

Types of sentences

Simple

Compound

Compound-Complex

Simple Sentence

Subject and very "the dog jumped"

Compound Sentence

uses an "and" "mary and jane went to the party"

Compound-Complex Sentence

Two or more clauses "we decided the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong."

How to determine the meaning of unknown words or phrases

Context

Syntax

Knowledge of roots and affixes

Figurative Language Types

Personification

Hyperbole

Metaphor

Alliteration

Simile

Onomatopeia

Idiom

Personification Definition

Giving something nonhuman human characteristics

Hyperbole

Dramatic exaggeration

Metaphor

Comparision of two things that are not alike

Alliteration Definition in Literature

Repeatedly using the same sound or letters

Simile

Comparison of two things using "like" or "as"

Onomatopeia

Sound Words

Idiom

Set of words that can have more than one meaning behind them

Tone

The way an author expresses attitude through writing.

Tier One Vocabulary Words

Common everyday language

Tier Two Vocabulary Words

High frequency words found in many content areas

Tier Three Vocabulary Words

Low frequency words that are domain specific

Consonant Blend

Two or three consonants appear next to each other in words and their initial sounds are blended