Lifespan Development 4.3-4.5

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53 Terms

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schemas

mental representations used to understand the world

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assimilation

modification of new information to fit into our existing schemas

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accommodation

reorganizing what we know to fit new information

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Substage 1:

reflexive action (birth-1mth) learning begins with automatic movements or reflexes… sucking, grasping, staring

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Substage 2:

first adaptations to environment (1-4mth) infant may accidentally engage in behavior and find it interesting

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Substage 3:

repetition (4-8mth) more engaged with world, delight in making things happen by responding to people/objects

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Substage 4:

new adaptations and goal-directed behavior (8-12mth) become more purposeful in responding to people/objects

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Substage 5:

active experimentation of “little scientists” (12-18mth) explores world in trial and error manner

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Substage 6:

mental representations (18mth-2yrs) solve problems using mental strats., remembering something heard, engage in pretend play, find objects moved, learn language

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Stage 1

reflexive communication (0-3mth)

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Stage 2

reflexive communication: interest in others (3-8mth)

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Stage 3

intentional communication (8-12mth)

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Stage 4

first words (12-18mth)

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Stage 5

simple sentences (12-24mth)

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Stage 6

sentence of three or more words (2-3yrs)

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Stage 7

complex sentences; has conversations (3-5yrs)

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phonemes

sounds

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each language has its own phonemes

that are used to generate morphemes

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morphemes

words

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intentional vocalizations

first couple months

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babbling, gesturing

6-9 months (cooing, gurgling)

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babies understand more language than they can produce

10 months

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holophrasic speech

partial words convey thoughts

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first word for english children

nouns

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1 years old

50 words

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2 years old

200 words

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telegraphic speech/two words sentences

18mths ex.) doggie pretty

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infant directed speech

baby talk

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nativism

Noam Chomsky

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language acquisition device (LAD)

innate ability to learn language, understand conventions and syntax

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behaviorism

BF Skinner

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BF Skinner would think language

is taught through reinforcement

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social smiling

2mths, laughter at 3-5mths

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stranger wariness

6-15mths

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separation anxiety

7-14mths

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co-regulation

parents and children both modify their reactions to the other based on the cues from the other

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self awareness

15-24mths

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secure

(65% of babies) parent serves as secure base of exploration

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avoidant

(insecure) toddler reacts to parent like a stranger

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resistant

(insecure) clings to parent when they leave, reject affection attempts on caregiver's return

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disorganized

least secure attachment, often unpredictable parental behavior/child has not learned emotional regulation from this model

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activity level

mostly active or inactive status?

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rhythmicity or regularity

predictable or unpredictable sleeping, eating, and elimination patterns

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approach-withdrawal

react positively or negatively to newly encountered situation?

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adaptability

adjust to unfamiliar circumstances easily or with difficulty?

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responsiveness

does it take a small/large amount of stimulation to elicit a response?

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reaction intensity

show low/high energy when reacting to stimuli?

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mood quality

normally happy/pleasant or unhappy/unpleasant?

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distractibility

is attention easily diverted from task by external stimuli?

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persistence and attention span

for how long can child maintain interest in an activity?

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goodness of fit model

parenting/communication style matches

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trust vs. mistrust

res: learning the world is a safe place

unres: the world is an untrustworthy or dangerous place

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autonomy vs. shame and doubt

res: taking initiative and trying to do things one’s self is desirable

unres: one’s autonomy is thwarted and discourage, the child learns to doubt their instincts and feel shame at taking initiative