Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts related to population and migration patterns as outlined in the provided lecture notes.

What is population distribution?

The way people are spread across the Earth and where they choose to live.

Why does population distribution matter?

It shows where most people settle and why some areas remain uninhabited.

What is population density?

The number of people living in a certain area, usually measured per square mile or kilometer.

Why does population density matter?

It helps indicate how crowded or spread out a place is.

What is demography?

The study of populations and their traits such as birth, death, age, and migration.

How is demography useful?

It helps predict future needs for schools, jobs, and resources in a city.

What are major population concentrations in the world?

East Asia, Northeast America, South Asia, and Western Europe.

What percentage of the world's population lives within 60 miles of the ocean?

60%.

What are human factors that influence population distribution?

Good jobs, schools, safety, and opportunities.

What are physical factors that influence population distribution?

Natural features like climate, flat land, soil, and water resources.

What is ecumene?

The parts of the Earth where people live permanently.

Why does ecumene matter?

It shows the difference between areas that can support life and those that cannot.

What are three methods for calculating population density?

Arithmetic population density, physiologic population density, and agricultural population density.

What does arithmetic population density calculate?

The total population divided by the total land area.

What does physiologic population density calculate?

The total population divided by the amount of arable land.

How does agricultural population density measure farmers?

It compares the number of farmers to the amount of farmland.

How does population distribution influence politics?

Areas with more people usually have more political power and attention from leaders.

How does population distribution shape economic processes?

It determines where jobs and businesses are located based on available population.

How does population distribution affect social processes?

It influences access to schools, healthcare, and cultural diversity.

What does carrying capacity mean?

The number of people an area can support without harming the environment.

What is a population pyramid?

A graph that shows the age and gender makeup of a population.

What is the importance of a population pyramid?

It helps show how a country is growing, shrinking, or aging.

What does total fertility rate (TFR) measure?

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Why is mortality rate important?

It helps measure the overall health and population decline of a country.

What is the difference between emigration and immigration?

Emigration is leaving your home country, while immigration is moving into a new country.

What does net migration refer to?

The difference between the number of people entering and leaving a country.

What is voluntary migration?

When people move by choice for better opportunities.

What are Ravenstein’s laws of migration?

Principles explaining patterns and tendencies in human migration behavior.

What is the significance of push and pull factors?

They explain reasons behind migration, influencing why people leave or move to a place.

What are pro-natalist policies?

Government initiatives that encourage higher birth rates.

What are anti-natalist policies?

Government strategies aimed at reducing birth rates.

How does an aging population impact a country?

It affects healthcare, workforce dynamics, and economic support due to a higher number of retirees.

What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

A model that describes population change over time, involving four or five stages of birth rates, death rates, and total population growth.

What is the Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?

The total number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.

What is the Crude Death Rate (CDR)?

The total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.

How is the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) calculated?

By subtracting the Crude Death Rate (CDR) from the Crude Birth Rate (CBR), usually expressed as a percentage. (NIR = (CBR - CDR) / 10)

What is the dependency ratio?

The ratio of people in the 'dependent' age groups (under 15 and over 64) to the 'working age' population (15-64).

What does an expansive population pyramid indicate?

A wide base, indicating high birth rates and a rapidly growing population, common in developing countries.

What does a constrictive population pyramid indicate?

A narrow base, indicating low birth rates and a shrinking population, often found in developed countries.

What does a stationary population pyramid indicate?

A more rectangular shape, indicating birth rates and death rates are roughly equal, resulting in slow or no population growth.

What is forced migration?

When people are compelled to move from their homes due to circumstances such as war, natural disasters, or persecution.

What is Malthusian Theory?

The idea, proposed by Thomas Malthus, that population growth tends to outstrip food production, eventually leading to famine and disease as checks on population.

What is the Epidemiological Transition Model?

A model that describes the stages of death rates and major causes of death within a population, shifting from infectious diseases to degenerative diseases as a country develops.

What is demographic momentum?

The tendency for a population to continue growing for a time, even after fertility rates have dropped below replacement level, due to a large number of young people in the reproductive age range.

What is replacement level fertility?

The average number of children a woman needs to have to replace herself and her partner to maintain a stable population size, typically around 2.1 children per woman.

What is life expectancy?

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates in a specific population or region.

What characterizes Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

High birth rates and high death rates, resulting in little to no population growth. This stage is associated with pre-industrial societies where famine and disease are common.

What characterizes Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

High birth rates but rapidly declining death rates, leading to rapid population growth. This stage is often triggered by improvements in sanitation, healthcare, and food supply.

What characterizes Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

Declining birth rates and continually declining death rates, leading to slower population growth. This stage is often linked to urbanization, increased access to contraception, and changing social values.

What characterizes Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

Low birth rates and low death rates, resulting in stable or even slowly declining population growth. This stage reflects developed economies with high standards of living.

What characterizes Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

Birth rates fall below death rates, leading to a negative natural increase and a shrinking population. This stage is hypothesized for some highly developed countries facing an aging