Chapter 4: The Cell

Honors Bio The Cell

Cell theory (#1)

All known living things are made up of cells

Cell theory #2

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things

Cell theory #3

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

2D image of a specimen (stained with heavy metals).

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

3D image of a specimen (specimen must be coated with a heavy metal)

Bad thing about SEMs and TEMs

cannot view living specimens because of the staining process, which may obscure the structure of certain cellular components

Prokaryotes

no nucleus (no nuclear membrane surrounding the DNA), no membrane-bound organelles, contain ribosomes, one circular chromosome of DNA (nucleoid), includes bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotes

contain a nucleus (nuclear membrane surrounding the DNA), contain membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi, ER, etc.), contain ribosomes, multiple, linear chromosomes of DNA, includes animal, plant, fungi, protists

Plant cell individualities

chloroplasts, cell wall, plastids, large central vacuole

Animal cell individualities

cilia, flagella, lysosomes, centrioles

BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS HAVE….

nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, smooth and rough ER, ribosomes, Golgi, DNA, vesicles, small vacuoles

what dark area inside of the nucleus produces ribosomes?

the nucleolus

What contains the DNA?

the nucleus

DNA contains the code for the ______ of _______

production of proteins

the DNA code is copied into ___ which leaves the ____ and moves to a _____ in the _____

RNA, nucleus, ribosome, cytoplasm

the _______ will read the code on the ___ molecule and produce the ________ (order the ____ ____ correctly)

ribosome, RNA, protein, amino acids

the endomembrane system contains the……

ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, and vesicles

_______ attach to the ER, creating the ______ ____. These ribosomes will produce _____ that will “thread” directly to the ______ of the __.

Ribosomes, rough ER, proteins, lumen, ER

Proteins made on the rough ER will either remain in the ER or….

will bud off of the ER in a vesicle

vesicles from the ER

move proteins to the Golgi

vesicles will bud off of the Golgi to deliver ________ to the ____ ____ for export or to be used in another organelle (such as the lysosomes)

proteins, cell membrane

when materials enters the cell in a vesicle, the vesicle will fuse with a _________ and the material will be broken down

lysosome

Lysosomes ____ ______ old _______ to be recycled

break down, organelles

____ produced in the smooth ER, leave in vesicles and are transported throughout _______ _____ including the _____ where they are packaged to be exported out of the cell.

Lipids, the cell, Golgi

Mitochondria produce ____

ATP

ATP is used by the cell to ___________________________________ and _________

power chemical reactions and cellular activities

_______________ in photoautotrophs capture ____ and use this energy to convert _____ + ____ into _____. They give off __ as a waste product.

Chloroplasts, sunlight, CO2 + H2O, glucose, O2

Most living organisms (both heterotrophic and autotrophic) rely on ______________ for food production

photosynthesis

Endosymbiotic theory: _________ and __________ were once free living ______ that were engulfed by a larger cell

mitochondria and chloroplasts, prokaryotes

Evidence of Endosymbiotic theory:

same size as prokaryotes, they contain their own circular DNa, they have membrane similarities with prokaryotes, they divide in half a similar way to prokaryotes.

the cytoskeleton allows the cell to _____________, give the cell its _______, and _________

move, shape, support

the cytoskeleton helps to move ______________, ______________, and _______ throughout the cell.

organelles, vesicles, and materials

What are the three major components of a cytoskeleton?

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

Microtubules (____________________)

tubulin

intermediate filaments (___________________, ______________ __________)

various, fibrous proteins

microfilaments (____________)

actin

Both cilia and flagella are made of ______________ arranged in the “___ + ___” arrangement

microtubules, 9+2

The extracellular matrix is ___________ by animal cells

secreted

Extracellular matrix: extracellular layer of _____________ _________ (mostly _________)

glycoprotein fibers, collagen

the extracellular matrix transmits ____________ that help to regulate ___________ __________

signals, cell behavior

the extracellular matrix help cells maintain their ____________ in the body

position

Animal cell junctions: attach cells to __________________ __________

neighboring cells

what are the three types of animal cell junctions?

tight junctions, anchoring junctions, gap junctions

tight junctions (animal cell junctions): prevent ______________ of fluid through tissue (digestive tract)

leakage

anchoring junctions (animal cell junctions): attachments that can handle _______ and _______ (skin and muscle)

streching and stress

Gap junctions (animal cell junctions): small _____________ exist that allow molecules to pass for cell to cell _______________ (Cardiac muscle)

channels, communication

Plant cell wall: provides _________ and ________

protection, support

the plant cell wall consists of _________ __________ embedded in a matrix of __________ and _______

cellulose fibers, polysaccharides, protein

plant cell wall: a sticky _____ layer forms between adjacent cells to reinforce the cell walls and help the cells to stick together (middle lamella)

pectin

Plant cell wall: woody plants add a _________ cell wall of _________ to strengthen the plant

secondary, lignin

Plant cell wall: adjcacent cells are connected by small openings called __________ that connect to the ________ of neighboring cells

plasmodesmata, cytosol