Phonetics & Acoustics: The Speech Science Foundation

The “typical” speaker of Standard American English would produce the word emancipation as

/imaensepeIshen/

The /r/ and /l/ sounds may both be categorized as

liquids

A semivoerl that can be categorised as a voice bilabial glide that is anterior and continuant is the

/w/

A term coarticuation refers to

the influence of one phoneme on another in production and prception wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds.

Broad phonemic transcription involves

the use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks /f/

If a speaker said “I just love’em and leave’em” the phrases “leave’em” could be transcribed as

/liv m/

The two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission are

mass and elasticity

A sinusodial wave is a sound wave

that is a result of simple harmonic motion

A natural frequency is a frequency

with wich a source of sound vibrates naturally

An octave is

an indication of interval between two frequencies

The back-and-forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object is referred to as

oscillation

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is also known as

the fundamental frequency or first harmonic

When two or more sounds of differing frequencies are combined, the result is a

complex tone whose vibrations may be periodic or aperiodic

Acoustic analysis of a speaker’s production of a vowel generally shows that

F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to-posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity)

In a periodic complex sound, tone that occur over the fundamental frequency and can be characterized as whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency are called

harmonics

Diacritical marks

are useful in making narrow phonetic transcription that gives more detailed information on a speaker’s phonetic characteristics

The term coda refers to

the consonant at the end of the word

The manner of articulation refers to

the degree of type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production

During typical speech production, vowels are typically

may stand alone

compared to unstressed syllables, stressed syllables are typically

longer and higher in pitch

A spectrogram is

a graphic display of time, intensity, and frequency

Formant frequencies are

resonant frequencies of the cavities above the larynx

visually displayed formant transitions

show changes in frequency due to articulatory movements from one sound to the other

to distinguish one speech sound from the other, the listener primarily depends on

the formant structures of speech sounds

An analysis of the acoustic features of consonants

should take into consideration the voice onset time