AP Psych Cram Chart Unit 7

MMPI

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (2), revised in 1980s; objective tests; most widely used object of personality test; originally developed as an aid in diagnosing psychiatric disorders; two versions-adult and adolescent

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Big 5 Personality Traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Humanstic Psychology

Developed in the 1960s by Abraham Maslow, Charles Rogers, and Rollow May. Emphasizes self esteem, belonging, self-expression, and sexuality

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Carol Rogers

conditional and unconditional positive regard

believed that most personal distress is due to incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality

social cognitive theory

referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world

stages of psychosexual development

1. Oral Stage

2. Anal Stage

3. Phallic Stage

4. Latency Stage

5. Genital Stage

unconscious mind

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Id, Ego, Superego (Freud)

id: instincts

ego: reality

superego: morality

Psychodynamic

term describes the perspective on psychology in which inner feeling and unconscious tensions are emphasized

instinct theory of motivation

people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

James-Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time

Singer-Schachter/Two-factor theory

body plus thoughts/label; states that emotions do not exist until we add a label to whatever body sensations (through cognition) we are feeling.

Lazarus theory of emotion

The theory that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response and all other aspects of an emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it.

Freud - Defense mechanisms

Clash of id and superego

Main defense mechanisms:

1. repression - ego's way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to unconscious

2. suppression - deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

3. regression - faced with stress, older children return to earlier behaviors like thumb-sucking, throwing temper tantrums, clinging to their mothers

4. reaction formation - individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites

5. projection - attribute their undesired feelings to others

6. rationalization - justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society

7. displacement - describes transference of undesired urge from one person or object to another

8. sublimation - transformation of unacceptable urges into socially accepted behavior

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

triarchic theory of intelligence

Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

g factor (general intelligence)

the notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability

incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

Type A

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

easygoing, relaxed people

drive-reduction theory

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

observer bias

tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

observer effect

tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed