IS 300 Midterm 1

SQL

Standard language for regional databases

IT

subject studying technology and management/process of information in large organizations

IS

system that collects/processes data and provides it to managers at all levels for decision-making

Objectives of IT

Operational excellence

New products

Customer and supplier intimacy

Improved decision making

Competitive advantage

Survival

complementary assets

organizational, managerial, social

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

Standard language used to create web pages/applications

Organizational Structure/Pyramid

senior, middle, operational management

IS business processes

manufacturing/production, sales/marketing, finance/accounting, human resources

Point of Sale(POS)

Combination of soft and hardware for completing sales transactions

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Routine business transactions

Management Information System (MIS)

Summarizes and reports TPS data

Decision Support System (DSS)

Managers make complex decisions based on information

Executive Support System (ESS)

Provides top execs with strategic information by DSS and MIS

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Integrate data from key business processes into single system

Supply Chain Management Systems (SCM)

Manage relationships between suppliers, buyers, distributors, logistic companies

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Manage relationship with customers

Knowledge Management Systems( KM)

Manage processes for capturing and applying knowledge/expertise

Chief Information Officer (CIO)

Manages organization’s IT strategy and systems; executive level

Chief Security Officer (CSO)

Oversees organization’s information and physical security, and risk management

Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)

Manages knowledge assets to improve performance; focus on KM

Chief Data Officer (CDO)

responsible for data strategy and governance

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Process used by software developers to design, develop, test, and deploy software developments in a timely and efficient manner

Application Development Life Cycle (ADLC)

Stages an application goes through from initial concept to retirement

E-Commerce

buying/selling online

B2C

retailing products/services directly to individual customer

B2B

sales of goods/services to other businesses

C2C

individuals using the web for private sales/exchange

E-tailer

Sells physical products directly to consumers or to individual businesses

Transaction broker

Saves user time/money by processing online sales transactions and generating fee each time a transaction is processed

Market creator

Provides digital environment where buyers/sellers can search and display products

Content provider

Provides digital content (news, photos, video) over web

Community provider

Provides online meeting place where people with similar interests communicate

Portal

Provides initial point of entry to web along with specialized content

Service provider

Provides apps like photo/video sharing, and user-generated content; Can act as online data storage and backup

disintermediation

the process of reducing intermediary processes between manufacturer and the customer

Tree

contains boxes and elements from a hierarchy

body

root level of hierarchy

section

chapters of the book

container

sets margins

grid/column

arrange boxes by rows/columns

div blocks

ad hoc boxes to group elements/boxes together

element

substance of the webpage

size

defines size in pixels or %

spacing

defines outside spacing (margin) or inside (padding)

layout

defines arrangement of boxes

Position

defines position of box

background

defines background, opacity, repetition

border

defines border style, size, color

typography

defines font style and stuff

effects

defines other fancy effects (shadows, transitions)

classes

Defines unique combination of styles that can be applied to another box

E-commerce revenue models

advertising, sales, subscription, free/freemium, transaction fee, affiliate

CPM

Cost per mille impressions

crowdsourcing

Obtaining information into a task/project by enlisting the services of large number of people via the internet

Digital (information) goods

Goods that can be delivered over digital network (movies, music, books, etc)

M-commerce

mobile commerce

Near Field Communication (NFC)

short range mobile communication; Apple pay

P2P

two individual mobile devices communicating without contacting a centralized server; venmo

AI

expert systems, machine learning, neural networks, genetic algorithms, natural language processing, computer vision systems, robotics, intelligent agents

expert systems

Knowledge of experts as a set of rules that can be programmed so the computer can assist human decision making; if-then trees

Machine learning

Software that can identify patterns in large databases without explicit programming, but with human training (pattern recognition)

supervised learning

system is trained by providing examples of desired inputs/outputs identified by humans in advance

unsupervised learning

system is trained by providing examples of desire inputs/outputs not provided by humans

neural networks

Find patterns and relationships in data too complicated for humans; Humans train network by feeding inputs for known outputs; no ethics

genetic algorithms

Finds optimal solution for specific problem by examining large amount of possible solutions; Used in optimization problems

natural language processing

Software that can process voice/text using natural human language

computer vision systems

Emulate human visual system to view/extract information from real life images; facial recognition

robotics

Movable machines that substitute humans, with computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, information processing

intelligent agents

Work without direct human intervention to carry out repetitive tasks; Model behavior of consumers, stock markets, supply chains, used as predictors

Dendrogram

Clusters are data points below the cutting line, grouped together

outsourcing

Benefits: cost saving, increase speed, higher quality, more focus on core business

Touch Points

method of interacting with customer (email, phone, mail, website, etc)

Data Hierarchy

database, file, record, field, byte, bit

normalization

process of breaking a table/relation with more than one theme into set of tables so that each has only 1 theme

Table

file/relation

row

record/tuple

column

field/attribute

Primary Key

candidate key chosen as the key the DBMS (database management system) will use to uniquely identify each record in a relation

Foreign Key

primary key placed into a second relation; represents a relationship

Referential Integrity

Requires that every value of foreign key must match value of existing primary key

organizational assets

efficient business processes

managerial assets

incentives for innovation, teamwork

social assets

internet, technology standards

manufacturing/production

Assembling, quality checks, producing bills of materials

finance/accounting

Paying creditors, creating financial statements, managing cash accounts

sales/marketing

Identifying customers, advertising, selling products

human resources

Hiring employees, evaluating performance, enrolling employees into benefit plans

ubiquity

shopping can take place anywhere

global reach

internet is global

universal standards

communication between systems is simple

information richness

internet increases quality of information

interactivity

more interaction with others

information density

reduces info cost and info asymmetry

personalization/customization

tracking tech allow for more individualized commerce

social aspect

user-generated content

relational database

Separates entity groups connected by relationships

Relation

two-dimensional table with specific characteristics

information asymmetry

when one party in a transaction has more or better information than the other, leading to an imbalance of power in decision-making

search costs

time, effort, and money spent by consumers or businesses to find and compare products or services before making a purchase

transaction cost

costs incurred in making an economic exchange, aside from the price of the product or service itself