Demographic transition model

DTM

Stage 1 (High stationary)

Characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in a stable population with little growth. This stage reflects pre-industrial societies with limited access to healthcare and sanitation. It is just a theory because no states today are in stage 1.

Stage 2 (Early expanding)

Rapidly declining death rates and high birth rates, leading to significant population growth. This stage often corresponds to improving healthcare and sanitation in developing countries. Population explosion occurs. (example: Afghanistan)

Stage 3 (Late expanding)

Characterized by declining birth rates and low death rates, resulting in slower population growth. This stage often reflects urbanization and increased access to education and contraception, typical of more developed countries. This stage sees families opting for fewer children as economic conditions improve and societal norms shift. (Example: India)

Stage 4 (Low stationary)

Characterized by low birth and death rates, resulting in a stable population size. This stage reflects highly developed countries with advanced healthcare, high living standards, and a focus on family planning. (Example: United States)

Stage 5 (Declining)

A hypothetical stage where birth rates fall below death rates, leading to a declining population. This stage is often associated with aging populations and may require immigration to maintain population levels. (Example: Japan)