Topic 3 : Voice of the Genome

State the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells ( include their structures, names of cells and type of cell division )

Eukaryotic: (plant, animal and fungi cells)

• have membrane bound organelles

• DNA is enclosed in a nucleus and linear and also found in mitochondria

• cell division : mitosis / meiosis

Prokaryotic: (bacterial cells and all other cells)

• have no membrane bound organelles

• DNA is circular and found in plasmids

• cell division : binary fission

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller

State where can cell wall, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell surface membrane centrioles, amyloplasts, smooth endoplastic reticulum can be found (with plant, animal or bacterial cell)

mitochondria : plant and animal cells

ribosomes : plant, animal and bacterial cells

cell surface membrane : plant, animal and bacterial cells

centrioles : plant and animal cells

amyloplasts: plant cells only

SER : plant and animal cells

State the structures found in eukaryotic cells

Plant and Animal only:

• nucleus

• nucleolus

• rough endoplasmic reticulum

• smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• golgi apparatus

• mitochondria

• lysosomes

• centrioles

• plasma membrane

• vesicle

Plant only

• cell wall

• vacuole

• chloroplast

Draw and label the structure of an animal cell

State the structure of the nucleus and it’s function

structure : suurounded by a double membrane nucelar envelope with pores

function : contains DNA which is the genetic material of the cell / control gene expression + cell activity

State the structure of the nucleolus and it’s function

structure : dense region in nucleus with no membrane / made of proteins + RNA

function : produce ribosomes

Draw and label the structures of the nucelus

State the structure of mitochondria and it’s function

structure : surrounded by a double-membrane / inner membrane folded into structures called cristae / contains a matrix (containing enzymes needed for aerobic respiration, producing ATP) / has it’s own circular DNA

function : site of aerobic respiration which produces ATP

Draw and label the structure of mitochondria

State the structure and function of the golgi apparatus

structure: consists of flattened sacs of membrane known as cisternae

function : modifies + packages proteins and lipids into vesciles (after synthesis from RER/SER) / produces lysosomes

State the structure and function of lysosmes

structure: membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic/ digestive enzymes

function : digest waste material such as worn out organelles / destroys pathogens, known as phagocytosis

Draw and label the structure of the golgi apparatus

State the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

structure : network of flattened membrane-bound sacs covered with lots of ribosomes attached which make a rough surface

function : synthesises and transpots proteins for secretion

State the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

structure : network of membrane-bound sacs with no ribosomes on it’s surface

function : synthesises lipids + steroids / detoxifies drugs + poisons

Draw an image of the SER vs the RER

State the structure and function of ribosomes

structure : made of proteins and RNA with a large subunit and a small subunit / no membrane / 80s ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells 70s ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells

function : where proteins are made free in the cytoplasm and are attached to RER

State the structure and function of centrioles

structure : pairs of cylindrical microtubes / found at right angles to each other

function : forms spindle fibres in cell division

States the function and structure of the plasma membrane

structure : a partially permeable membrane

function : to regulate the movement of substance into and out of the location of receptors (chemical response)

States the structure and function of vesciles

structure: a small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane

function : transports substances in and out of the cell (via the plasma membrane) and between organelles

Draw and label the structure of a plant cell

State the structure and function of the cell wall and state the function of the plasmodesmata

structure : made of cellulose in plants + made of chitin in fungi

function : supports plant cells

plasmodesmata function : exchanging substances between adjacent cells

State the structure and function of the vacuole

structure : compartment that contains cell sap / tonoplasr surrounds the vacuole

function : helps maintain water balance

States the structure and function of chloroplast

structure : double membrane

function : site of photosynthesis

State which organelles are membrane bound and which are not

Non- membrane bound organelles: ribosomes and centrioles

membrane bound organelles : SER, RER, nucelus, mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi apparatus

State the structures found in prokaryotic cells

• plasmids

• circular DNA

• ribosomes

• pili

• capsule

• flagella

• cell wall

• no membrane-bound organelles

State the structure and function of the cell wall

structure: made of peptidoglycan/ murein

function: provides rigidity + prevents osmotic lysis

State the structure and function of the capsule

structure: thick polysaccharide layer outside cell wall

function: help adhesion to surfaces / prevents dessication / shields from immune detection

State the structure and function of plasmids

structure: circular double-stranded DNA

function: contains genes that can pass between prokaryotes / carries antibiotic resistant genes

State the structure and function of ribosomes

structure: 70s ribosomes are smaller than 80s ribosomes + free in the cytoplasm

function: site of rpotein synthesis (translation of mRNA)

State the structure and function of flagella

structure: long rotating filament attached to cell wall

function: provides motility - chemotaxis

State the structure and function of pili

structure: thin protein tubes extending from cell surface

function: attach to host cells / some involved in DNA transfer

Draw and label a prokaryotic cell