Clinical Signs Cutaneous 2

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Disease and clinical signs

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103 Terms

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Malassezia

  • Pruritic, erythematous patches, moist, greasy, malodorous skin.

  • Hyperpigmentation, lichenification, brown staining on nails.

  • Commonly affects: ventral neck, interdigital region, perioral region, and chin.

<ul><li><p>Pruritic, erythematous patches, moist, greasy, malodorous skin. </p></li><li><p>Hyperpigmentation, lichenification, brown staining on nails.</p></li><li><p>Commonly affects: ventral neck, interdigital region, perioral region, and chin. </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Otitis externa

  • Frequent head shaking

  • Rubbing/scratching of ear

  • Discomfort or pain

  • Otic exudate and odor

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Otitis Media

  • Facial paralysis

  • Horner’s syndrome

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Otitis Interna

Vestibular syndrome and head tilt

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Hallmark Feature Malassezia

  • Sudden increase in pruritus, often associated with allergies or primary skin disease.

  • Malodor and greasy texture

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Atopic Dematitis

Pruitus, erythema, Secondary infection (pyoderma, malassezia)

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Food Allergy

Non-seasonal peritus, GI signs (vomiting, diarrhea)

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Environmental allergies

seasonal or non-seasonal pruritus; localized erythema

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Alopecia Areata

Circumscribed alopecia without inflammation or pain

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Hallmark Alopecia Areata

Spontaneous resolution, lymphatic follicle damage

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Alopecia X

Symmetrical alopecia, hyperpigmentation, dull coat

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Hallmark Alopecia X

Flame follicles on histopathology, hyperpigmented alopecia

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Black Hair Follicular Dysplasia

Localized black hair loss, scaling

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Hallmark Black Hair Follicular Dysplasia

Black hair affected, pigment clumping

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Color Dilution Alopecia

Progressive alopecia, recurrent skin infections

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Hallmark Color Dilution Alopecia

Diluted coat color, recurrent pyoderma

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Diluted coat color, recurrent pyoderma

Symmetrical alopecia, thin skin, comedones, recurrent infections

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Hallmark Diluted coat color, recurrent pyoderma

Thin skin, calcinosis cutis, recurrent pyoderma

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Hypothyroidism

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Hallmark Hypothyroidism

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Post-Clipping Alopecia

Delayed or patchy regrowth after shaving

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Hallmark Post-Clipped Alopcia

Telogen hair follicles, delayed regrowth

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Seasonal/Cyclical Flank Alopecia

Symmetrical flank alopecia, seasonal regrowth

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Hallmark Seasonal/Cyclical Flank Alopecia

Seasonal pattern, polycyclic lesions, spontaneous regrowth

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Sebaceous Adenitis

Alopecia, scaling, follicular casts, oily coat

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Hallmark Sebaceous Adenitis

Sebaceous gland loss, follicular casts

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Cutaneous Vasculitis

Petechiae, ecchymoses, erythematous/purplish skin, crateriform ulcers, skin sloughing, pain, pitting edema, cyanosis, panniculitis.

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Hallmark Cutaneous Vasculitis

Non-blanching petechiae/ecchymoses, leukocytoclastic vasculitis on histopathology ("nuclear dust").

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Vaccine-Induced Vasculitis

Alopecia and hyperpigmentation at the vaccine site, appearing weeks to months post-vaccination. Lesions may remain static, resolve, or spread.

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Hallmark Vaccine-Induced Vasculitis

Focal alopecia and hyperpigmentation at vaccine sites.

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Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)

Depigmentation, erythema, ulcerations, crusting, and loss of nasal cobblestone architecture.

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Hallmark Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)

Photo-induced depigmentation and nasal planum changes with absence of systemic signs.

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Pemphigus Foliaceus

Pustules, erosions, crusting, alopecia, and scales; primarily affects face, ears, footpads; may become generalized.

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Hallmark Pemphigus Foliaceus

Subcorneal pustules with acantholytic cells; wave-like eruptions of pustules.

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Pemphigus Vulgaris

Vesicles, bullae, ulcers, and angular erosions; oral mucosa affected in >90% of cases; painful lesions.

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Hallmark Pemphigus Vulgaris

Severe mucosal involvement, particularly oral; vesicle and ulcer formations.

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Erythema Multiforme (EM)

Occurs due to drugs, infections, or neoplasia; idiopathic in some cases; seen in various species.

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Hallmark Erythema Multiforme (EM)

Erythematous macules, target lesions, plaques, vesicles, and mucosal involvement; systemic signs like fever.

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Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)

Widespread epidermal sloughing, painful ulcers, systemic illness, and potential life-threatening complications.

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Hallmark Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)

Massive epidermal sloughing resembling burns; rapid onset.

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Lipoma

  • Common in older dogs.

  • Rarely cause clinical issues.

  • Found in areas of high mobility (axillary, inguinal regions).

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Hallmark Lipoma

  • Benign with a well-defined, soft mass.

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Intermuscular Lipoma

  • Located between muscle bellies (e.g., semimembranosus/semitendinosus).

  • May feel firm due to overlying muscle stretching.

  • Can cause limb discomfort.

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Hallmark Intermuscular Lipoma

Firm mass in deeper soft tissues; prone to seroma formation after excision.

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Infiltrative Lipoma

  • Locally aggressive; may infiltrate muscle or fascia.

  • Prone to recurrence.

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Hallmark Infiltrative Lipoma

  • Does not metastasize but invades surrounding structures.

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Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS)

  • Solitary, slow-growing masses that may become large.

  • Frequently adhered to underlying tissues.

  • Overlying skin may be taut, ulcerated, or necrotic.

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Hallmark Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS)

Highly locally invasive, appearing pseudoencapsulated but infiltrating deeply.

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Non-STS Sarcomas

  • Includes hemangiosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, etc.

  • Varies in behavior (metastatic or locally invasive).

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Hallmark Non-STS Sarcomas

  • Behavior depends on subtype, but often aggressive.

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Feline Injection Site Sarcoma (FISS)

  • Develops 3 months to 3 years after injection.

  • Firm mass, adherent to underlying tissues.

  • Overlying skin may be ulcerated.

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Hallmark Feline Injection Site Sarcoma (FISS)

Highly locally invasive; requires WIDE surgical margins (5 cm laterally, 2 fascial planes deep).

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Staphylococcus spp.(deep pyoderma)

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Deep Pyoderma

  • Painful nodules and draining tracts.

  • Plaques and furuncles (nodules that rupture to form draining tracts).

  • Localized swelling with potential lymphadenopathy.

  • Lameness may occur if affecting paws (e.g., interdigital furunculosis).

  • Secondary systemic signs (fever, lethargy) in severe cases.Rupture of hair follicles leading to pyogranulomatous inflammation (furunculosis).

  • Draining tracts and chronic non-healing wounds.

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Hallmark Deep Pyoderma

  • Rupture of hair follicles leading to pyogranulomatous inflammation (furunculosis).

  • Draining tracts and chronic non-healing wounds.

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Blastomycosis

  • Nodules with draining tracts.

  • Pulmonary signs (cough, dyspnea).

  • Ocular and bone lesions in systemic disease.

  • Cutaneous lesions may be localized or systemic.

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Hallmark Blastomycosis

Broad-budding yeast with thick cell walls on cytology or histopathology.

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Sporotrichosis

  • Ulcerative nodules, commonly on head and extremities.

  • Dissemination common in cats (fever, systemic involvement).

  • Localized lesions in dogs and horses.

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Hallmark Sporotrichosis

  • Thin-capsuled yeast in tissue or cytology.

  • High organism burden in cats, increasing zoonotic risk.

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Cryptococcosis

  • Swelling and nodules on the face and nose (nasal form in cats).

  • Multifocal cutaneous nodules.

  • Systemic signs (neurological or respiratory involvement).

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Hallmark Cryptococcosis

  • Thick-capsuled, narrow-budding yeast seen on histopathology.

  • Latex agglutination test for diagnosis.

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Atypical Mycobacterium Infection

  • Non-healing wounds with draining tracts.

  • Firm nodules or pockets containing purulent material.

  • Common in obese cats and those with puncture wounds.Fast-growing organism requiring specific culture techniques

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Hallmark Atypical Mycobacterium Infection

Fast-growing organism requiring specific culture techniques

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Sterile Nodular Panniculitis

  • Deep-seated nodules extending into the subcutaneous fat.

  • Ulceration with greasy or milky exudate.

  • Systemic signs: fever, lethargy, inappetence.

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Hallmark Sterile Nodular Panniculitis

  • Pyogranulomatous panniculitis with no infectious agents found.

  • Diagnosis requires exclusion of infectious causes via macerated tissue culture.

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Hallmark Reactive Histiocytosis

  • Proliferation of histiocytes associated with immune dysregulation.

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Reactive Histiocytosis

  • Multiple firm, non-ulcerated nodules.

  • May involve mucosal surfaces in severe cases.

  • Non-painful and typically non-pruritic.

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Plasma Cell Pododermatitis

  • Soft, swollen, ulcerative nodules on paw pads.

  • Discomfort and secondary infection common.Plasma cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.

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Hallmark Plasma Cell Pododermatitis

  • Plasma cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.

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Interdigital Furunculosis (Misnomer: Interdigital Cysts)

  • Nodules between the toes, often rupturing to drain purulent material.

  • Swelling and pain leading to lameness.

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Hallmark Interdigital Furunculosis (Misnomer: Interdigital Cysts)

  • Pyogranulomatous furunculosis due to ruptured hair follicles.

  • Frequently associated with comedones on the palmar/plantar surfaces.

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Neoplastic Nodules

  • Single or multiple firm nodules, often progressively enlarging.

  • Systemic signs depending on malignancy and metastasis.

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Hallmark Neoplastic Nodules

  • Single or multiple firm nodules, often progressively enlarging.

  • Systemic signs depending on malignancy and metastasis.

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Sarcoids

Occult, Verrucous, Nodular, Fibroblastic, Mixed, Malevolent

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Occult Sarcoid

  • Flat areas of alopecia with scaling.

  • Mild and often unnoticed.

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Sarcoid Verrucous

  • Wart-like lesions with raised, lichenified surfaces.

  • Rough texture.

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Nodular Sarcoid

  • Firm, well-defined subcutaneous masses.

  • Can remain stable for extended periods.

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Fibroblastic Sarcoids

  • Ulcerated, fleshy, and infiltrative masses.

  • Rapid growth and bleeding may occur.

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Mixed Sarcoids

  • Combination of the above types in one lesion.

  • Varied presentation.

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Malevolent Sarcoids

  • Aggressive and spreads along fascial planes.

  • Often painful with significant local tissue damage.

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

  • Non-healing ulcerated areas or proliferative growths.

  • Bleeding, crusting, or discharge may be present.

  • Lesions are often found in unpigmented areas, including:

    • Periorbital region (around the eyes).

    • Penis and prepuce.

    • Anus and perineum.

    • Muzzle.

  • Secondary infection can exacerbate signs.

  • Discomfort or irritation at the site may occur.

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Melanomas

  • Black, round, firm masses, often smooth in texture.

  • Enlargement and coalescence of masses over time.

  • Common locations:

    • Ventral tail.

    • Anus and perineum.

    • Muzzle.

    • Parotid salivary gland.

    • Prepuce.

  • Usually painless and slow-growing.

  • Advanced or malignant melanomas may cause:

    • Obstruction of adjacent structures (e.g., anal opening).

    • Secondary infections or discomfort.

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Insect Hypersensitivity

Pruritus, alopecia, excoriations, seasonal pattern.

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Atopic Dermatitis EQ

Pruritus, urticaria, alopecia, secondary infections.

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Food Hypersensitivity EQ

Pruritus, urticaria, alopecia, +/- secondary infections.

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Alopecia Areata

Well-circumscribed alopecia without inflammation.

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Dermatophytosis

Crusted alopecic lesions with sharp borders, ring lesions.

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Dermatophilosis

Painful crusted lesions with underlying erythema.

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Pemphigus Foliaceus

Fragile pustules, crusts, systemic signs (e.g., fever).

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Eosinophilic Granuloma

Nodular lesions, occasional abscesses.

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Habronemiasis

Granulomas on skin or wounds, pruritus.

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Pythiosis

Large ulcerative granulomas with necrotic debris.

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Pastern Dermatitis

  • Scaling, crusting, or moist lesions; lower legs often affected.

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HERDA (Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia):

Hyperextensible skin prone to tearing and scarring.

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