APUSH Terms (Period 5)

PERIOD 5

1844—————1877

(Election of Polk→Election of Hayes/End of Reconstruction)

Manifest Destiny

PERIOD 5:
DEFINITION: “Our (land-owning males) God given right to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific in order to claim the continent because our population is growing.”

• Written in a newspaper by John O’ Sullivan

  • Unknown newspaper author at time

  • Newspapers=VERY influential in politics

• Population did not justify the Manifest Destiny

Causes of Westward Migration 

PERIOD 5:

• Desire for access to natural/mineral resources

• The hope of economic opportunities 

• Religious refuge

To entice Americans to immigrate to Mexico, Mexico offered?

PERIOD 5:

• Cheap land (90% cheaper/acre than in the US)

• 4 years free from taxes

• Military aide to defeat the Natives

            CAUSED THOUSANDS TO MOVE TO MEXICO

Stephen F. Austin

PERIOD 5:

= “Father of Texas” because he led first group of American settlers to this area (Texas/Mexico)

What did Mexico ask of American immigrants who moved to their territory?

PERIOD 5:

• Learn Spanish

• Convert to Catholicism 

• Become Mexican Citizens (give up rights as American citizens)

• Ban slavery

  • By 1836, there were more slaves in Texas than native Mexicans 

  • Slave owners “freed” their slaves and then forcibly had them sign lifetime contracts as indentured servants

Davy Crockett

PERIOD 5:

= Representative from TN who left for Texas/Mexico because he was furious w/ Indian Removal Act

Jim Bowie

PERIOD 5:

= Legendary frontiersman from KY who left for Texas/Mexico and is famous for Bowie Knife

Samuel Houston

PERIOD 5:

= Governor of TN who left for Texas/Mexico after martial problems

The Battle of the Alamo 

PERIOD 5:

• President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna marched North w/ 6,000 Mexican soldiers to subdue the Americans in San Antonio

• A force of 187 men under Colonel William B. Travis held the city, taking refuge in the Alamo

  • Alamo=former mission compound 

• After 12 days, Santa Anna and his men scaled the walls of the Alamo, killing all 187 men

  • Including Davy Crockett & Jim Bowie 

Texan Revolution

PERIOD 5:

Included prominent battles such as:

• Battle of the Alamo

• Battle of San Jacinto

Started when Santa Anna declared himself President of Mexico

• Prompted Texans to declare their independence out of fear of greater law enforcement 

Battle of San Jacinto 

PERIOD 5:

Battle that wins Texas’s independence 

• Lasted 18 mins.

• 630 Mexicans died

• Only 9 Texans died

• Santa Anna captured and forced to sign treaty to end the war (by Sam Houston)

After Battle of San Jacinto, what was formed?

PERIOD 5:

Republic of Texas

• “Lone Star” Republic

• Texas was its own country for 10 years

• Sam Houston was its first President 

• Denied statehood by US 

Life on the Trails

PERIOD 5:

• Started in the 1830’s 

• = miserable

  • 10% of all who traveled died

  • 1 in 3 mothers who gave birth on the trails died

  • Disease, lack of provisions, environmental challenges

Important Trails

PERIOD 5:

• Santa Fe Trail (New Mexico City)

• Mormon Trail (Salt Lake City)

• Oregon Trail (Oregon)

Santa Fe Trail

PERIOD 5:

• Also known as “Great Prairie Highway”

• Allowed travelers to connect to Santa Fe

  • Largest city in the Southwest at time

• Allowed Army the ability to travel to fight Apache & Comanche tribes & eventually attack mexico 

Mormon Trail 

PERIOD 5:

• 1,300-mile overland route to the Great Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah, used primarily by members of the Mormon Religion to escape religious persecution during the mid-19th century

  • Led by Brigham Young

Joseph Smith 

PERIOD 5:

=Farmer from Vermont who founded the Mormon Religion and claimed to have visions and discovered/translated The Book of Mormon

• The Book of Mormon=Ancient Text

• Mormon Religion=allowed anyone regardless of wealth, occupation, or race; adopted polygamy

  • Polygamy=allowing a man to have more than 1 wife

Brigham Young

PERIOD 5:

= Religious leader who succeeded Joseph Smith and led more than 2,000 Mormon followers on the Mormon Trail to the Great Salt Lake in present-day Utah

• Seeking religious refuge

• Went through Mexico→NOT OUR COUNTRY

Oregon Trail

PERIOD 5:

• 2,000 miles long

  • Longest overland trail

• Allowed access to trade with Asia via the Pacific Ocean 

  • If we were there we could take trade away from Britain

Problems in Oregon 

PERIOD 5:

• Russia, G.B, and US all held claims to the Oregon Territory in 19th century

• G.B and US had peaceful relations in the area until thousands traveled the Oregon Trail and disrupted balance of life

  • Oregon=Really desirable because of trade route with Asia & lumber

Oregon Fever 

PERIOD 5:

DEFINITION: The widespread excitement and rush in the 1840’s for Americans to migrate to the Oregon Territory, driven by promises of

• Fertile land

• Economic Opportunities

• Belief in Manifest Destiny

Election of 1844

PERIOD 5:

James K. Polk (Democrat) v. Henry Clay (Whig)

• Vote: 170 to 105

• Known as the “Dark Horse Election”

• 54-40 latitude line=focal point of election 

James K. Polk’s Presidency

PERIOD 5:

• Elected in 1844

• Self-Imposed 1 term

• Democrat

• Home-state=Tennessee

NEW STATES UNDER ADMINISTRATION:

28. Texas

29. Iowa

30. Wisconsin

James K. Polk

PERIOD 5:

• Former Speaker of House, Governor of TN, then President

• “Young Hickory”

  • Thought to be next Andrew Jackson bc he worked his way from the top from nothing & was from TN like Jackson

• First “Dark Horse” candidate 

• Vowed to only serve 1 term if elected President

• Campaigned on 3 ideas

  1. Secure Texas to make it a State

  2. Gain control of Oregon 

  3. Gain control of California

• Had support from North/South/West

“54-40 or Fight”

PERIOD 5:

= Political Campaign Slogan (Under James K. Polk) referring to the lines of latitude that the US would keep form the Oregon Territories & threatened to go to war w/ G.B if US didn’t get it

• North saw this as a major opportunity for Congressional power and liked that a Southerner had their interests in mind

“54-40 or whatever. I want to avoid war"

PERIOD 5:

• Polk wants to avoid war with Britain so he attempts to set a compromise border at the 49th parallel 

• Britain rejects this counters with 42nd parallel

  • OREGON TREATY: Settled on 49th Parallel and gave Britain the right to free trade

    • Avoided war, but made north furious

ACHIEVES #2 CAMPAIGN GOAL

Slidell’s Mission & California Campaign 

PERIOD 5:

• Polk wanted to acquire California bc

  • Fertile land

  • New markets in the far East

  • Abundance of natural resources

• SLIDELL’S MISSION=Sent John Slidell to offer Mexico $30 million for California and lands West of Texas 

• Mexico refused to even consider $$ for land. Sent him back

CALIFORNIA CAMPAIGN=Polk sends troops under General Kearny & John C. Fremont into California

ACHIEVES #3 CAMPAIGN GOAL

Bear Flag Revolt 

PERIOD 5:

• Small group of Fremont’s men had altercations w/ Native Mexicans at Sonoma, California 

  • Named themselves Bear Flag Republic

• Mexico surrendered

• Relatively bloodless <12 killed

• California Republic established= not yet a state

Beginning of Mexican-American War

PERIOD 5:

• Texas says border=Rio Grande

• Mexico says the border=Nueces River 

  • Polk wants to meet & discuss but is turned down

  • He sends 4,000 troops to the Rio Grande

  • Led by General Zachary Taylor

ON APRIL 25, 1846:

• Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked General Zachary Taylor’s US troops

  • 9 US troops died

  • Polk got Congress (vote of 40-2) to declare war & supply additional 50,000 troops

POLK LIED TO CONGRESS SAYING THAT AMERICAN BLOOD WAS SPILLED ON AMERICAN SOIL!

Blood-Spot Resolution

PERIOD 5:

DEFINITION: Series of resolutions that challenged President James K. Polk's justification for the Mexican-American War

• Represented strong Whig opposition to the Mexican-American War, which many viewed as an aggressive desire to extend slavery into new territories 

  • First time name Abraham Lincoln shows up

—-———-US OFFICIALLY AT WAR WITH MEXICO—————

Strategy of the MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

PERIOD 5:

3-PRONGED APPROACH:

1. Kearney control northern border of Mexico

2. Taylor push on to Mexico City

3. Winfield Scott lead Marines from Gulf up from Southern Mexico and take Mexico City

General Zachary Taylor= “Old Rough and Ready”

General Winifield Scott= “Old Fuss and Feathers”

(None of these generals lost a single battle)

“To the Halls of Montezuma”

PERIOD 5:

= Refers to the movement in Congress that wanted the US military to continue South & take all of Mexico & incorporate it into the US 

• South loved this idea 

  • Ultimately Polk was satisfied & had Winfield Scott sign a treaty to end the war 

  • Treaty=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 

                           ACHIEVES #1 CAMPAIGN GOAL

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

PERIOD 5:

1. Mexico recognizes the Rio Grande as the Southern Boundary of Texas

2. US takes possession of Mexico territories (California & New Mexico)

3. US gives Mexico $15 million (Consolation prize)

Lasting Impacts of the Mexican-American War?

PERIOD 5:

• Served as training ground for Civil War 

• Revitalized the slavery issue 

  • Angered abolitionist who thought war was in order to expand slavery to the Southwest

    • Every time territory increases, the slave issue came to forefront of political/social arguments

• Slavery issues would lead to Wilmot Proviso

Wilmot Proviso

PERIOD 5:

• Bill stating that slavery will not exist in any of the territory taken from Mexico

  • Passed by HoR- “will of the people”

  • Rejected by Senate

• Leads to 15 years of sectionalism eventually leading to the outbreak of the Civil War

The Gadsden Purchase

PERIOD 5:

= US gave Mexico $10 million for land that wasn’t for sale because the US wanted it for railroads

• Seen today as new southern border

Election of 1848

PERIOD 5:

• Martin Van Buren=Free-Soil Party

• Zachary Taylor=Whigs

• Lewis Cass=Democrat

[3rd parties are pulling votes away from other parties]

Free-Soil Party

PERIOD 5:

• This party attracted:

  • Folks upset over getting only ½ of Oregon

  • People who didn’t want blacks in the new lands

  • Northern abolitionists who did not like slavery

GOAL=Ban slavery in the territories so white farmers would not need to compete w/ large slave-based plantations

Zachary Taylor

PERIOD 5:

• No prior political experience

• War Hero in M-A War; didn’t want to be President

• Extremely popular among American people

Despite being a slaveholder himself, he wanted to abolish slavery bc he felt it was a moral wrong /didn’t want to be president

(featured in anti-whig propaganda)

Popular Sovereignty

PERIOD 5:

DEFINITION: citizens have the ultimate authority

• SO NEW STATES COULD DECIDE WHETHER THEY WANT TO BE A FREE OR SLAVE STATE

Lewis Cass

PERIOD 5:

• Connected to popular sovereignty

• From Michigan

• Democrat

  • Pro-Slavery/owned slaves

Zachary Taylor’s Presidency

PERIOD 5:

• 1 term (18 months)

• Whig candidate

• NO NEW STATES UNDER ADMINISTRATION

  • Focused on California Gold Rush

John Sutter

PERIOD 5:

=Swiss immigrant to California in 1839 who owned thousands of acres, cattle, and employees

• Started California Gold Rush

  • Hired James Marshall to build a sawmill on the American River to provide lumber for Sutter’s growing ranch

  • Marshall found fragment of gold

Horace Greely

PERIOD 5:

=newspaper author of the New York Tribune/catalyst of Gold Rush

• spreads misinformation that there was thousands of millions of $$$ worth of gold in California

  • Once news reaches the east coast, “Gold Fever” was in the minds of many Americans

California Gold Rush

PERIOD 5:

Started by John Sutter, his assistant James Marshall, and newspaper author Horace Greely

• Thousands make the migration 

  • Became known as the 49ers bc they arrived in 1849

  • Many Outlaws

• Less than 1% found gold

• Work conditions in mines were TERRIBLE (death from disease in water=dysentery)

• Real profits went to entrepreneurs/land owners

  • General stores, lumberyards, bars, barbershops, etc.

• San Francisco becomes 1st major city on West Coast 

  • Wouldn’t have grown if not for people taking clipper ships 

    • Leads to construction of Panama Canal

Social Changes of Gold Rush

PERIOD 5:

IMMIGRATION=growing movement of people to America (due to various push/pull factors)

• From Britain, Ireland, Germany, China

• RESULTED IN: “Foreign Miners” tax

  • $20/month (discouraged miners from other countries)

• Chinese and Irish targeted more because they were easier to spot

Relations with Native Americans?

PERIOD 5:

Slaughter of Native Americans continues to California

Women in the West

PERIOD 5:

• Way more liberal than women east of Mississippi

• Most popular job=working in taverns & brothels

  • Called “Painted ladies” = dress color and makeup

  • These jobs helped women in the west gain legal rights/economic independence much sooner than women living in the east (on state level/not federal)

Political Changes

PERIOD 5:

• California applied for statehood immediately after the Gold Rush with a Constitution that banned slavery in the territories

• California would upset the balance of 15 free and 15 slave states

• President Zachary Taylor pushed for the immediate admission of California and New Mexico as free states, but ultimately believed Congress should decide fate of states

• This issue enraged Southerners, who SPOKE OF SECEDING

  • As formal General, Taylor had no problem threatening to use military force

Millard Fillmore’s Presidency

PERIOD 5:

• Not elected by Americans

• Less than 1 term 

• Inherits deeply divided Congress

  • Not asked to run for another term by the Whig party

NEW STATE UNDER ADMINISTRATION:

31. California 

What demand led to the Compromise of 1850?

PERIOD 5:
John C. Calhoun demanded slavery be extended in territories from the M-A War

• Threatened secession if the state balance was thrown off

• Cited Missouri Compromise as justification

• Henry Clay sought to preserve the Union, so he drew up Compromise and asked Stephen A. Douglas to present it to Congress

Stephen A. Douglas

PERIOD 5:

• Also “The Great Debater” and “The Little Giant”

• Introduced the terms of the Compromise of 1850 in pieces to Congress

• Considered slavery a curse, but refused to see it as a moral issue

Compromise of 1850

PERIOD 5:

• Written by Henry Clay and presented by Stephen A. Douglas in pieces to Congress

TERMS:
1. CA enters Union as a free state (NORTH)

2. TX got $10 million to settle border (SOUTH)

3. NM (new mexico) and UT territories got popular sovereignty  (NEUTRAL)

4. Slave trade banned in DC. But only DC. And only the trade, slavery itself was still allowed. (NEUTRAL)

5. The south got a stronger Fugitive Slave Law. (SOUTH)

Underground Railroad

PERIOD 5:

DEFINITION: A network of routes that freed A. Americans & was developed by white abolitionists in order to aid an estimated 30,000 enslaved people to freedom

GOAL: Get to Canada

Conductors

PERIOD 5:

DEFINITION: Those who assisted in helping escaped slaves on Underground Railroad

MOST FAMOUS=Harriet Tubman

Harriet Tubman

PERIOD 5:

=Former enslaved woman and famous conductor of the Underground Railroad

• In 1849 after Tubman’s owner died, she decided to make a break for freedom and succeeded in reaching Philadelphia

• Made 19 trips using Underground Railroad

  • Saved anywhere from 70-300 individuals

  • Had $40,000 bounty

Fugitive Slave Act

PERIOD 5:

• Part of Compromise of 1850

• Think of it as “open season” for all Blacks in North

SAID:

1. Alleged fugitives were not entitled to a trial by jury despite the 6th amendment.

2. A statement by a slave owner was all that was required to have a slave returned.

3. Federal commissioners (police) received a $10 fee if they returned an alleged fugitive to a master, but only $5 if they captured a slave and had to release them, an obvious incentive to “return” people to slavery 

4. Anyone convicted of helping an alleged fugitive was subject to a fine of $1,000, imprisonment for 6 months, or both.

Escape in the deep south was nearly impossible.

Personal Liberty Laws

PERIOD 5:

DEFINITION: Forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves & guaranteed that they would have jury trials

PASSED IN 9 states:

CT/MA/MI/ME/NH/OH/PA/WI/VT

Election of 1852

PERIOD 5:

• Franklin Pierce

  • Openly supported slavery

  • Dark horse candidate

• Winfield Scott—”Old Fuss & Feathers”

Whigs Split Into Democrats (in favor of slavery) & Northern Whigs (against slavery)

FRANKLIN PIERCE WINS BY LANDSLIDE

Franklin Pierce’s Presidency

PERIOD 5:

• Elected in 1852

  • Dark horse candidate

• Democrat

• From New Hampshire

• NO NEW STATES UNDER ADMINISTRATION

—-INEFFECTIVE BC OF GRIEF—-

Young America Movement

PERIOD 5:
=Democracy will triumph everywhere 

• Extension of Manifest Destiny by aiding local revolutionaries, opening new markets, & annexing foreign lands

Filibuster War

PERIOD 5:

William Walker-attempted to establish American Colony in Sonora Mexico to help expand slavery

• Mexico refused

• Walker went to San Fran & set up recruiting office that sold deeds to lands in Mexico to 4 dozen men

• Walker and men captured towns of La Paz & Ensenada

  • Declared himself president of “Republic of Sonora”

• Mexico sent army & Walker retreated, arrested, and acquitted

• Walker joined faction of Nicaragua Civil War, where they captured city of Granada

  • Appointed himself President

• Walker tried again with Honduras and was arrested and executed by firing squad

Clayton-Buwer Treaty

PERIOD 5:

• 1850

• Part of Pierce’s Foreign Affairs

• =Demilitarized and created joint Anglo American control of any canal across the isthmus

  • Neither would build canal without consent/cooperation of other

  • Neither would start any colonies in the region

  • Both powers guaranteed any canal would be available on neutral basis for all shipping

Foreign Affairs of Pierce Presidency

PERIOD 5:

• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

• Ostend Manifesto

• Kanagawa Treaty

Ostend Manifesto

PERIOD 5:

• Part of Pierce’s Foreign Affairs

=Confidential dispatch from state department suggesting of Spain refused to sell Cuba, it was acceptable for the US to take it by force

• Northerners thought is was a “slave plot”

Perry’s Expedition

PERIOD 5:

: 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry was sent to obtain trading rights

• Perry arrived in Japan with US Navy ships and forcibly threatened Japan to open trade with them

OUTCOME: Kanagawa Treaty

Kanagawa Treaty

PERIOD 5:

DEFINITION: Formal agreement that officially opened US trade with Japan

Kansas-Nebraska Act

PERIOD 5:

• 1854

• Douglas introduced a bill aimed to organize territory West of Missouri & Iowa as the Nebraska territory to build transcontinental railroad

• The territory lay above the Missouri Compromise Line, so Douglas proposes pop.sov.

• Andrew Butler disagrees

• Douglas then proposes to split it in 2, but that would mean allowing slavery above the 36-30 line

• ACT NULLIFIES THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE 

  • Received unanimous Southern support

  • GREATEST SINGLE STEP IN ITS MARCH TOWARD SECESSION AND THE CIVIL WAR 

  • Destroys the Whig Party 

Border Ruffians

PERIOD 5:

=Refers to the 5,000 pro-slavery Missourians who swarmed across the Kansas-Missouri border led by Senator Atchison to vote in the territorial elections of Kansas in favor of slavery, before returning home

4,968 pro-slavery votes were fraudulent

Bleeding Kansas

PERIOD 5:
=Era of a violent, undeclared localized proxy war in Kansas referring to the years from 1854-1859 following the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed the issue of slavery in the territory to be decided by pop.sov.

Sack of Lawrence

PERIOD 5:

=an Event within the Bleeding Kansas era where approximately 800 Border Ruffians raided Lawrence

• Lawrence=city founded by anti-slavery settlers known as the Jay-Hawks who protested the election fraud

• Caused the deaths of 200+ people by late 1856

  • Alabama newspaper said “Missourians have nobly defended our rights (slavery)”

    • If Kansas became free state, slave holders would loose power in Congress if they were to vote on slavery

Canning of Charles Sumner

PERIOD 5:

• Charles Sumner gave a 2-day long speech called “The Crime Against Kansas”

  • DEMANDED Kansas be admitted to Union as a free state

  • Individually called out Congressmen

• Targeted Andrew Butler=Senator from SC/pro-slavery bc he knew he couldn’t defend himself since he was at home recovering from stroke

• 2 days later Preston Brooks (Andrew Butler’s cousin) beat Sumner w/ his gold-topped cane 29 times

  • Sumner got brain-damage

BOTH SEEN AS HEROES TO THEIR HOMES (north/south)

Charles Sumner

PERIOD 5:
=abolitionist senator from MA; delivered a 2-day long speech in Congress titled “The Crime Against Kansas”

• Was beat 29 times by Preston Brooks

  • Got permanent brain damage

  • Showed he was willing to die for the cause of abolition and continued to get re-elected

• WAS SEEN BY NORTH AS A HERO

What did Canning of Charles Sumner show?

PERIOD 5:

• Showed that sectional divisions led to BLOODSHED in floor of Congress

  • Civil War=inevitable

John Brown

PERIOD 5:

=Radical Abolitionist known for his fervent opposition to slavery & his willingness to use violence in the fight against it

• Influenced by William Loyd Garrison’s newspaper= “The Liberator”

• Believed slavery=sin & God told him to murder slaveholders to atone for sins

ORCHESTRATED:

• Pottawatomie Massacre

• Harpers Ferry Massacre

Pottawatomie Massacre

PERIOD 5:

=Essentially decapitation of 5 pro-slavery men by Brown and followers

• Brown and 6 others dragged 5 pro-slavery men from their homes, cut off hands, split open their skulls, shot in head

Harpers Ferry Massacre

PERIOD 5:

• Took place in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (federal arsenal building)

GOAL: Have slaves in the region rise up and join the revolt, and distribute the weapons to a multiracial group

• Brown sent out telegraphs to spread word

• The plan didn’t work; enslaved never showed

  • Many even even alerted local authorities/marines

    • Robert E. Lee=one of these Marines

• Brown was captured, arrested, tried/convicted of treason

• Wrote famous note that Brown gave to executioner before death

John Brown’s Death Note

PERIOD 5:

“I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think vainly, flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done”

Context of Dred-Scott Decision?

PERIOD 5:

• 1857

• Also “Dred-Scott v Sanford”

• Dr. John Emerson (army surgeon) brought Dred Scott to live with him in IL where they lived for 4 years

• After Dr. Emerson died, Scott sued Emerson’s widow for freedom

  • Said he should be freed since he lived on free-land for 4 years

Dred-Scott Decision

PERIOD 5:

1. Slaves cannot sue the US for their freedom bc they are property. Property cannot sue.

2. People of A.American decent (Blacks) are not citizens and have no legal rights under the Constitution.

3. The Supreme Court legalized slavery everywhere saying that: Congress could not stop a slave owner from moving his slaves to a new territory.

4. Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional 

   1. NO FREE OR SLAVE STATES

Dred-Scott

PERIOD 5:

=Born into slavery in Virginia (slave state) and sold to Dr. John Emerson (army surgeon)

Roger B. Taney

PERIOD 5:

=Chief Justice of Supreme Court in Dred-Scott Case in 1857

• Parents were tobacco plantation owners

• Married Francis Scott Key’s sister

• Appointed to SCOTUS by Andrew Jackson after senate initially rejected him bc of his radical views

Range of dates of the Civil War and Reconstruction?

1860-1865

Election of 1856

PERIOD 5:

• John Fremont

• Millard Fillmore

• James Buchanan

  • Platform: Avoid issue of slavery in Kansas-Nebraska, Support Fugitive Slave Laws, Rid Mexicans in Texas & California

  • Won only 45% of the popular vote

James Buchanan’s Presidency

PERIOD 5:

• 1 term

• Failed to unify country or make decisions about slavery in the territories

• Allowed:

  • Bleeding Kansas

  • Dred-Scott Decision

• STRONG BIAS TOWARDS SOUTH

• NEW STATES UNDER ADMINISTRATION:

32. Minnesota

33. Oregon

34. Kansas

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

PERIOD 5:

DEFINITION: A series of debates between Abraham Lincoln (R) and Stephen Douglas (D), candidates campaigning for Senator from Illinois 

• Douglas won the election, but the debates made Lincoln famous in Republican circles, leading to his nomination for President in 1860

What was Abraham Lincoln’s opening for his speech in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates?

PERIOD 5:

= ”A house divided against itself cannot stand.”

= ”It will become all one thing or all the other.”

Election of 1860

PERIOD 5:

• Lincoln versus a bunch of democrats

  • Won bc the Democrats split their votes

• Republican nominated Lincoln with a platform based on free-soil, immigrant rights, homesteads for citizens in West, a transcontinental railroad

  • DID NOT WANT TO FREE SLAVES POLITICALLY

Lincoln only secured 40% of the popular vote

What was the first state to secede before the Civil War?

PERIOD 5:

November=Lincoln elected

December=South Carolina seceded from the Union

January=Other states joined SC to form Confederate States of America (CSA)

Cornerstone Speech

PERIOD 5:

=Outlined causes for secession and confederation

• Thought whites better than blacks (not equal)

• Slavery being removed

Who did the CSA elect as their President?

PERIOD 5:

=Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederacy

• Prominent slaveholder/defender of slavery

Lincoln’s 1st Inaugural Address

PERIOD 5:

• March 14, 1861

• Basically reassuring the southerners that their rights would be protected

  • He would not interfere with slavery

  • There would be “no using force against or among people anywhere”

Fort Sumter Battle

PERIOD 5:

• Start of Civil War

• Lincoln sent provisions not reinforcements, to the fort, but South saw it as an act of aggression

• Union garrison (military post/fort) surrendered after 34 hours

• Electrified both North and South in support of their causes

Union Response to Fort Sumter Battle

PERIOD 5:

• 75,000 volunteers from the North sign up for the Union the week after this battle

• ONLY signed up for 3 months 

Confederacy Response to Fort Sumter Battle

PERIOD 5:

• Established capital in Richmond, Virginia

  • 100 miles from Washington DC

Advantages/Disadvantages of the NORTH in the Civil War

PERIOD 5:

ADVANTAGES:

• Larger population

• Industry supported manufacturing

• Larger railroad network

• Strong central leader in Lincoln

• Well-organized navy

DISADVANTAGES:

• Majority of the fight was in the South’

• Had to fight an offensive war

  • Troops/supplies needed to travel further into unknown territory

Advantages/Disadvantages of the SOUTH in the Civil War

PERIOD 5:

ADVANTAGES:

• Defensive War

• Knowledge of the area, used to conditions, supplies closer

• Fighting for their survival and way of life

• Strong military leaders

  • Robert E. Lee

  • Braxton Bragg

DISADVANTAGES:

• Far fewer resources than the north 

• No unified government

NORTHERN Strategy in the Civil War

PERIOD 5:

ANACONDA PLAN:

• Blockade southern ports along Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

• Send Union gunboats down the Mississippi to cut the confederacy in two 

• Capture Richmond, Virginia