BT1: MATERIALS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 2

Footing

The lowest part of a building's foundation system. Its main function is to distribute structural loads (from columns, walls, or piers) safely to the ground, preventing settlement or failure.

Construction Process for Footing Works

Excavation, Subgrade Preparation, Gravel Base Placement, and Compaction

Surface Leveling Final Preparation

Formwork Placement, Reinforcement Installation, and Concrete Pouring

Footing Tie Beam

a structural beam used in construction to connect two or more columns, footings, or structural members to increase stiffness, stability, and structural integrity.

Excavation and Footing Preparation

Individual footing pits are dug. Gravel base and reinforcement are placed.

Placement of Gravel Layer

Spread gravel evenly across the excavated area.

Column Bars Placement

dowels from footings are prepared for column continuity.

Tie Beam Formwork

Shuttering aligned with ftb edges or slightly above ground.

Reinforcement Fixing

Tie beam bars tied to column bars. Proper lap length and cover ensured.

Concrete Pouring

Cast along with footings (monolithic) or separately, depending on site sequence. Vibrated thoroughly to avoid honeycombing.

Grade Beam 

A reinforced concrete beam constructed at ground level (or slightly below ground) that transfers loads from walls or columns into isolated footings, pile caps, or caissons.

Load Distribution

Transfer column or wall loads to pile foundations, caissons, or isolated footings. Help reduce differential settlement.

Soil Support

Spans across weak soil zones and transfers loads to stronger points.

Reinforced Concrete Columns

A concrete designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces.

Structural Connectivity

Connect pile caps or isolated footings to create a rigid base system. Provide continuity and structural stability against overturning or lateral soil pressure.

Reinforced Concrete Columns

A concrete member designed to act together with vertical reinforcement (longitudinal bars) and lateral reinforcement (ties or spirals) in resisting axial loads, bending moments, and shear forces. 

Types of Columns by Lateral Reinforcement

Tied and Spiral Column

Tied Column

Reinforced with vertical bars tied together with lateral ties. Ties prevent buckling of longitudinal bars and provide confinement. 

Spiral Column

Reinforced with vertical bars enclosed by continuous spiral reinforcement. Offers better confinement and ductility than tied columns.

Code Provisions for Lateral Reinforcement (Ties)

Bar Enclosure, Spacing, Arrangement, and Tie Placement