AP Psych Unit 4 Pt 2

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Basic survival needs like food, water, and shelter.

Basic survival needs

The foundational needs for food, water, and shelter.

Safety Needs

Need for security and protection from harm.

Love and Belongingness Needs

The need for intimate relationships and social connection.

Esteem Needs

The need for self-respect and recognition from others.

Self-Actualization

Achieving personal potential and personal growth.

Lateral Hypothalamus

Brain region that stimulates hunger; damage can lead to a person stopping eating.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Brain region that suppresses hunger; damage can lead to overeating.

Leptin Theory

The theory that the hypothalamus senses rises in leptin from fat cells and reduces hunger.

Set Point Theory

The concept that the body maintains a preferred weight range by adjusting hunger and metabolism.

Theory X

Assumes people are lazy and require rewards or punishments to work hard.

Theory Y

Assumes people are motivated by personal growth, creativity, and responsibility.

Motivators

Factors that increase job satisfaction, such as recognition and achievement.

Hygiene Factors

Factors that prevent dissatisfaction but do not increase satisfaction, like salary and work conditions.

Paul Ekman’s Universal Emotions

Basic emotions that include happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and contempt.

Plutchik’s Emotion Wheel

A model outlining eight primary emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation.

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

The theory that emotion results from interpretation of a situation.

Opponent Process Theory

The theory that emotions work in pairs, with one being suppressed when the other is activated.

Amygdala

Brain region that processes fear and emotional reactions.

Reticular Formation

Brain system that acts as an alarm, triggering arousal.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The system that activates the body's 'fight or flight' response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The system that calms the body after arousal.

Carl Rogers’ Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting others without judgment.

Conditions of Worth

Situations where acceptance is based on meeting certain expectations.

Eysenck’s Reticular Activation System (RAS) Theory

The theory that extraverts and introverts have different baseline levels of arousal.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The mental discomfort experienced when holding contradictory beliefs or values, leading to attitude change.

Reciprocal Determinism

The concept that behavior, environment, and cognitive factors influence each other.

Type A Personality

Characterized as competitive, impatient, and prone to stress.

Type B Personality

Characterized as relaxed and laid-back, and less prone to stress.

Conscientiousness

A personality trait linked to better health and longevity.

Optimism

A trait associated with better mental and physical health.