human reproduction

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testicular lobule in each testis

250

testicular lobule in both testes

500

each lobule contains how many seminiferous tubule

1-3

each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types of cells

male germ cells and interstitial cells

____ cell undergoes meiotic division to form sperm cell

male germ cell

male germ cell aka

spermatogonia

interstitial cells aka

leydig cells

which cells synthesis androgen

leydig cells

the seminiferous tubule of testes open into

rete testis

the vasa efferentia leaves testis and open into____

epididymis

the vasa efferentia open in epididymis located along the ____ of each testes

posterior surface

_______duct loops over the urinary bladder

vas deferens

the urethra originates from urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external opening called

urethral meatus

pathway of sperm

seminiferous tubule → rete testis → vasa efferentia → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

the enlarged end of penis called the____ is covered by a loose fold of skin called

glans penis

seminal plasma which is rich in

fructose, calcium, certain enzyme

the secretion of which gland helps in lubrication pf the penis

bulbourethral glands

The female reproductive structure along with ____ is integrated structurally to support process of ovulation, fertilisation,pregnancy and birth

mammary gland

length of testes

4 to 5 cm

width of testes

2 to 3 cm

size of ovaries

2 to 4 cm

ovary is connected to pelvic wall by the help

ligament

ovary is covered by ____ layer of epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma

thin

ovarian stroma is divided into

cortex and medulla

size of fallopian tube

10 to 12 cm

funnel shaped structure near ovary

infundibulum

external thin layer of uterus

perimetrium

middle thick layer

myometrium

middle layer consists of

smooth muscles

inner layer of uterus

endometrium

which layer of uterus is glandular in nature

endometrium

which nature of uterus induces strong contraction during child birth

myometrium

fleshy fold which extends down from mons pubis and surround the vaginal opening

labia majora

the glandular tissue in each breast is divided into ____ mammary lobes

15 to 20

which cell secretes milk

alveolar cells

the mammary tubule of each lobe joins to form

mammary duct

the spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by the process called

spermiogenesis

the release of sperms from seminiferous tubule by the process of

spermiation

seminal plasma + ____ = semen

sperms

the function of male sex accessory duct and glands are maintained by

androgens

primary oocytes get surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells called

primary follicle

the primary follicles when surrounded by _____ cells and ____ layer becomes secondary follicles

granulosa cells and theca

the secondary follicles transform into tertiary follicle which is characterized by fluid filled cavity called

antrum

the tertiary follicle has theca layer divided into

theca interna and theca externa

initially the tertiary follicle contains within it

primary oocyte

after the 1st meiotic division, it produces

secondary oocyte and 1st polar body

the secondary oocyte forms a new membrane called

zona pellucida

the menstrual flow results due to breakdown of _____ uterus

endometrial lining

the changes in uterus and ovary are influenced by changes in the level of _____ and ______ hormones

pituitary and ovarian hormone

the corpus luteum secretes large amount of progesterone which is essential for maintenance of

endometrium

the ovum and sperm fuse at which point in fallopian tube

ampulla

when sperm comes in contact with _____ that induces changes in membrane that blocks other sperm from entering

zona pellucida

the secretion of __ help sperm to enter into the cytoplasm of the ovum through zona pellucida

acrosome

what causes the 2nd meiotic division

sperm entering the cytoplasm of ovum

which layer is present in both oocyte and zygote

zona pellucida

the mitotic division of zygote starts when the zygote is at _____ in fallopian tube

isthmus

the mitotic division that starts when zygote moves towards uterus is called

cleavage

the zygotic mitosis forms 2,4,8,16 daughter cells called

blastomeres

the embryo with 8 to 16 cells is called

morula

morula continues to divide and transform into

blastocysts

the blastomere in the _____ are arranged in inner and outer layers

blastocysts

the blastocysts become embedded in the endometrium of the uterus and this is called

implantation

____ gets attached to the endometrium and the inner cells mass differentiated as the embryo

trophoblast

after implantation finger like projections appear on the trophoblast called ____

chorionic villi

components which form the structural and functional unit between developing embryo and maternal body called placenta

chorionic villi and uterine tissue

hormones produced by placenta

human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, estrogens, progestogens

relaxin was secreted by

ovary

hormone which is only secreted during pregnancy

human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, relaxin

hormones which increase during pregnancy

estrogens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine

outer layer of embryo

ectoderm

inner layer of embryo

endoderm

middle layer of embryo

mesoderm

the last embryo layer to form

mesoderm

inner cell mass contains certain cells called ____ which have potency to give rise to all tissue and organs

stem cells

one month of pregnancy forms

heart of the embryo

end of second month of pregnancy forms

limbs and digits

end of 12 weeks or 1st trimesters or third month of pregnancy forms

major organ system, limbs, external genital

during the fifth month of pregnancy

movement of fetus, appearance of hair on head

end of 24 weeks or 2nd trimester or 6 months of pregnancy

body is covered with fine hairs, eye lids separate, eyelashes

parturition is induced by a complex ______

neuroendocrine mechanism

signal of parturition originates from

fully developed fetus and placenta

the milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called

colostrum

the mammary glands of the female undergo differentiation during pregnancy and starts producing milk towards the end of pregnancy by process called

lactation