Archeology Quiz 1

what do Archeologists use to Survey and find sites

they use satellites, geolocation, digging test sites, walking a site to look for human activity, and drones

what are the benefits of horizontal excavation

you get to control the context of a situation, or space

what are the benefits of vertical excavaion

you get to control the time of a site, see different occupational periods

who pioneered horizontal and vertical excavation

Leroy

what is stratography

its used to date strata layers

what is the Law of Superposition

it states that the top layers are always younger than the bottom layers

what does it mean for a site to be “depositional” ?

stuff is left behind and covered by soil

what is a depositional unit

materials deposited at a specific time by humans

how do archeologists control time and space during excavations

they will use grids going up and down and a datum point to show relevance from there, typically aboveground

how are different biases created in archeology

through differences in preservation

what is a post depositional process

process that took place leading up to the site being occupied

what is tophonomy

the study of the process that affects organic remains after death

what is a reside anaylsis

identifying residue from food left on artifacts

what is isotope analysis

used on organic matter to determine diet and environment

how are bones split in archeological sites

by type and species

what is typhology

used to draw up inventory by creating detailed lists of artifact types

what is an attribute

particular characteristic of an artifact

what is an intrastate analysis

compares between the context of one site

what is an interstate analysis

compares between two different sites to draw conclusions

where did the earliest recognition of ancient artifacts begin

messopotamia, china, and egypt during the eurpean rebirth

who was John Sambucus

he wrote about his early excavations mostly on greek roman and celtic artifacts

what did people struggle to do when identifying artifacts

if they were manmade or not

what are thunderstones

ancient artifacts thought to be made by lightening

how did archeology become civilized

using the excavations of palestine and egypt

what were some issues with early archeology

they excavated sites but didnt recognize the cultures they were affecting or the context they had to the artifacts

Who was Gordon Childe

an australian archeologist who actually studied cultures and their contexts when excavating and studying ancient worlds. he split the stone age into parts, and shifted focus from artifacts to context

what are the main points of modern archeology

the development of a scientific process/method to follow in archeology.

Who was Binford what did he add

he wanted to add a more scientific outlook to archeology by making hypothesis and argued data is nothing without a scientific method

What did Alison Wiley argue

argued that both the scientific method and induction are necessary

what is Induction

drawing conclusions on sites based on available data found

what is the Systems Theory

says societies are interconnected

Who was Ian Hodder

argued archeology is more similar to a historians job and they need to focus more on context and story behind artifacts

what is an Etic view

doesnt adapt the perspective of the culture bein studied

what is an Emic view

attempts to adopt the perspective of the culture being studied

what is agency theory

the theory that theres an interaction between an individual and the societal structures around them

who was Jurgensen

he was the father of archeology, developed stone, bronze, and iron age.

Who was Bouchard

wrote books about his discoveries of human artifacts and tools near extinct animals, was rejected until catastrophism was presented

Who was John Lubbock

released book “prehistoric times” and coined the paleolithic and neolithic times to describe early and late stone ages

who was Graham Clarke

excavated star carr with biologists and archeologists together

who was Julien Steward

explored the relationship between culture and nature and developed the school of cultural ecology

who was Gordon Willey

carried out pioneering survey in peru and assisted in the dev of using the scientific method for archeology