PSYC 201_ Introduction to Social Psychology Midterm Review
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23 Terms
1
External validity
The extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and contexts beyond the specific one studied.
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2
Internal validity
The degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is not influenced by other factors or variables.
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3
Reliability
The degree to which research methods produce stable and consistent results.
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4
Measurement validity
How accurately a method measures what it claims to measure.
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5
Random assignment
Assigning participants to different groups randomly, such that they are equally likely to be assigned to any condition.
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6
Correlational design
Research conducted to determine if a relationship exists between variables.
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7
Experimental design
Research that controls and manipulates variables to determine causality.
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8
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A situation in which an expectation about what another person is like influences how one acts toward that person, causing that person to behave in a way that confirms the expectation.
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9
Availability heuristic
The process of making judgments about frequency or probability based on how readily relevant instances come to mind.
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10
Confirmation bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.
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11
Moral foundations
The ethical principles that guide individuals' judgments about right and wrong, differing between political ideologies.
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12
Post-decision dissonance
Psychological discomfort that arises after making a decision, particularly when multiple attractive alternatives are available.
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13
Self-perception theory
The theory that individuals develop their attitudes by observing their own behavior.
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14
Cognitive dissonance
The psychological discomfort experienced when one holds conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
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15
Elaboration-Likelihood Model (ELM)
A model of persuasion that describes the two routes (central and peripheral) through which persuasive messages can be processed.
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16
Sleep Effect
The phenomenon where a persuasive message becomes more effective over time as the discounting cue is forgotten.
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17
Need for cognition
The tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking, influencing the route of processing persuasive messages.
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18
Trait self-esteem
A person's stable, long-term evaluation of themselves.
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19
State self-esteem
A temporary evaluation of self that can fluctuate based on immediate interactions or events.
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20
Ideal Self
Who we aspire to be, reflecting our hopes and desires.
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21
Ought Self
Who we believe we should be, reflecting our sense of duty and obligation.
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22
Independent Self-Construal
Defining oneself by internal attributes and personal goals.
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23
Interdependent Self-Construal
Defining oneself in relation to others, prioritizing group harmony.
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