intro to international relations final exam

Mercantilism

economics is a tool of politics, a basis for political power

• see international economy as an arena of conflict between opposing national interests rather than cooperation

• economic cooperation: zero-sum game

• have to worried about relative gains since material wealth accumulated by 1 state can serve as a basis for military-political power which can be used against other states

• active government

• economics subordinate to politics

• capitalism the best

• popular in countries that lagged behind Britain in industrial development, felt urgently need to catch up industrially t

Marxism

where ecnonmy is the site of human exploration, class inequality

• industrial workers, proletariat, should rise and revolution to create a stateless classless, equal society’

• developed into dependency theory

  • dependency specific situation which a country’s economy is conditioned by another country’s economic condition

  • divides world into 2 camps” center and periphery where center is developing nations with high value industrial products, peripheral is underdeveloped that provide raw materials and always remain poor

framework:

1. states are not autonomous driven by uruling class interest

2. capitalist states r primarily driven by the interests of their respective bourgeois, so struggles between states in war should be seen In the economic context of competition between capitalist classes of diff states

reduces state to a simple tool in hands of of the ruling class

CAPITALIST THE BEST SYSTEM

economic liberalism

Adam smith

• human rationality - selfish, egoistic, interested in maximizing their selfish iterest

• free market is the best system that improves individual welfare

• proposed small gov (think of Locke with limited gov)

• positive sum game - everyone gains more than what they put in because free marketplace increases effeciency

international political economy

dynamic interaction between state or politics, and the market or economics , how to distribute public goods, how the private sectors respond to government economic policies

Heckshcer-Ohlin model

each state has abundant + scarce factors

Us abundant of highly educated, so there wages go up but wage of hs grads stay same since they are scarce factors

opposite for china

lose factor for scarce factor owners

protectionist economy policy voices come from factors of scarce resources

abundant wins from free trade, while scarce loses

analyzing policies 3 different

1. Indiv - individual political leaders, human nature, their perceptions, their personal psychologies, level of knowledge

2. state - domestic policies whether democratic or author regime, ideology of the country

3. integration - highest level, how much power a country has against other nations

rational actor model

• unified actor (the policymakers)

• objective: maximize national interest, policymakers will identify all foreign policy problems, list all possible sets of policy options, rank possible options form best to worst, by conducting cost benefit analysis, maximize country’s strategic interest

• realist

Organizational model

Main actor: gov orgs that follow established procedures

• gov perceives problems through organizational sensors, means diff gov orgs acquire diff info

• each org has limited info

• due to the SOP model that adopts their predecessors policymaking patterns, there is limited flexibility

• since they adopt, perceptions are quite stable continue to last for a long time

bureautctic

• India gov official + bureaucrats (pres, cabinet members) r the main actors

• objective: to advance each bureaucrat’s or agency’s interests, influence, prioritizes while also considering national interest

• process: decisions resulting from bargaining, negotiation, compromise, political competition among officials

“where you stand depends on where you sit”

officials policy preferences are shaped by the responsibilities and interest of the office or position they hold

difference between Marxist + realist analysis

-both agree on perennial completion + conflict between states

• reduces state to a simple tool in hands of the ruling class

neo-Marxist (Cox)

concept of hierarchal structures

material capabilities, ideas, institutions itnteractions

interactions between social forms, forms of state + world orders

Wallerstein

world system analysis

political and economical structures being tied together

similarity between Wallerstein’s world analysis + Waltz’s neorealist analysis

• both focus on system rather than single units or countries

• both see system as hierarchy with weak at the bottom

hegemonic stability theory

• stemming from mercantilism - dominant military + economic power politics in charge of economics

• liberal element - dominant power does not merely manipulate international economic relations for its own sake → creates an open world economy based on free trade, to the benefit of all participating states, not only hegemon

• international economy works better where there is 1 dominant power willing and able to keep markets open, enforce the rules of international trade, provide stability during economic crisis

• without hegemony: countrys more likely to act in their own self-interest by raising tariffs, restricting trade, competing ecnomically

• requires control over raw material, capital, markets, hegemony’s competitive advantage in the production of goods that can command a very high value

• creates free riding, which is why hegemony is required to punish

arguments that us hegemony still in place

pop cultural w/ universal appeal e.g films, internet, TV, American lifestyle attractie

strong in traditional fungible power resources (military, economy, tech, territory)

strong in most advanced, information-rich industries,

4 tigers

South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong (they experiences rapid economic growth combined with world market integration)

globalization

spread and intensification of economic, social, cultural relations across international borders or borders of space and time

mercantilist don’t believe

globalization has happened

history for Clinton

• 90s, US only superpower left

• economy at largest

• defense spending largest

• soft power, especially non-materialistic leadership capabilities pretty dom

• total freedom of action, no serious enemy

• American public not willing to go outside since US economy doing great

• so focused on expanding free market economy

Clinton globalizing American 4 points

1. strengthening community of market democracies, strengthen cooperation among established democracies

2. foster + consolidate new democracies + market ecnomies

3. counter aggression + support liberalization of states hostile to democracy, so expand democracy to non-democratic state

4. help democracies + market economics take root in regions of greater humanitarian concern

en-en strategy

Clinton’s strategy of economic + democratic enlargement

economic engagement

expanding American style liberal market economy

• communist command economics collapsed

• good economic policy= good foreign policy

Bush context

• after 9/11

1. state political regime type shapes foreign policy (good =dem) bad=autocracy

2. external threats can be defeated by new + vigorous policies, preventive war, offensive capabilities

3. willingness to act uniliterially if necessary

   1. ex. Iran, bush went to war without UN support

future first challenge

• economic globalization + inequality

after Cold War

middle class destroyed by globalization domestically + internationally

Global North

largely consolidated + stable democracies, technologically advanced, economically wealthy

• low or minus population growth

Global South

authoritarian dictatorship, unstable, new , backward, poor

high pop growth

immigration policies?

migration from S to N

quasi (failed) states

main source of terrosim

• states that have not yet achieved sovereign statehood

• legally sovereign, but central gov not able to control territory or people

• main source of civil war + domestic violence, terrosim

terroism

unlawful use or threatened use of violence against civilians

4 types of terrosim

1. state

2. international

3. anti-state

4. domestic

state terroism

gov violent terror against its own citizens

gov of physical violence

international terrosim

state supported + state terroist groups attacking other states

anti-state terroism

• non-state actors, domestic individuals make terroist groups + conduct violent acts against their own state

domestic terroism

group w/ no ties to another state conduct terror within its own state, domestic violence

how to respond to terroism

1. devolution

2. international cooperation

3. security

devolution

reducing the causes of terroism

• target terroism causing societies by promoting democracy, expanding free market, tackling poverty + inequality in this eterroism

international cooperation

strengthen interstate cooperation to prevent terroist attacks like NPT (nuclear non-proliferation)

security

strengthen anti-terroism military units + intelligence efforts within a state, securing borderline , controlling transportation, food, orhter industrial facilities

3rd challenge: China’a Rise

international structural change from unipolarity to G2 era by US + China

Chinese ideology

Chinese modern day ideology or mindset mixture of glorious past + century of humilation

• glorious past meaning China for thousands of years becoming zhongguo (center of universe, Middle Kingdom)

• source of everything, all civilizaition + culture, so China has a sense of glorious past

China mid 19-20th century

China fell under imperialist rule, so current Chinese ideologies have very strong, nationalistic tendencies which is anti-imperialism, anti-Western

• also have legacy of Communism, Maoism, + 1,000 yr long Confucisous ideology

2001 - China joins WTO , became fully integrated into free market economy

facilitated economic liberalization of China, massive influx of foreign direct investment

G2 era: Chinai increasing, us decreasing

china + US eras of conflict

1. human rights - US criticized China for human rights violation, US + western world treat human rights as universal value, but for China, its for domestic value, so US tackling this seen by China as a violation of Chinese sovereign right

2. Taiwan - One China Policy - agreed by US + China by Nixon, however sometimes US supports Taiwan’s growing independent movement, which China seen as a violation of One China Policy

3. Trade Imbalance, US been suffering from huge trade imbalance, trade deficit against China - traditional deficit is growing

4. terrotiroail disputes over South China Sea

   1. China been conducting naval expansion in area, China been building artificial island + installing Chinese military bases there

China and US different ideologies

Washington Consensus - smaller gov

Beijing Consenus - socialist gov intervention (about economic freedom + political control)