Process of aerobic respiration

where does glycolysis occur

cytoplasm

what is the purpose of glycolysis

to convert glucose into pyruvate 

describe the process of glycolysis

Phosphorylation

• Glucose activation

• Add 2Pi

• Uses energy

Lysis

• 6C compound split to 2× 3C triose phosphate

Oxidation

• removal of H from triose phosphate

• Enzymes driving oxidation work with NAD

• NAD accepts hydrogen

What Happens to glucose during phosphorylation in glycolysis

glucose destabilisedw and stopped from leaving cell

what is produced during glycolysis

2ATP (2 used, 4 produced through substrate level phosphorylation)

What is the role of the link reaction

actively transport pyruvate to matrix

What allows for the link reaction to occur 

• lower conc of pyruvate outside mitochondria so ATP needed

• Inner membrane impermeable to pyruvate so uses carrier protein. 

Describe what happens during the link reaction and what is formed

• pyruvate decarboxylated

• Dehydrogenated using NAD

• CoA added to form Acetyl CoA

What is the enzyme used to control the link reaction

pyruvate dehydrogenase

What controls the rate of the link reaction

end product inhibition - concentration of acetyl CoA controls rate of reaction

Where does the krebs cycle occur 

mitochondrial matrix 

Describe what happens in the link reaction

• (2C) acetyl co-A from link combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C)

• Citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated

• 5C sugar decarboxylated and dehydrogenated

• ATP generated by phosphate adding to ADP - substrate level phosphorylation

• Dehydrogenation using FAD then NAD

What is produced from each krebs cycle

• 2x CO2

• 3x reduced NAD

• 1x reduced FAD

• ATP

Where does oxidative phosphorylation 

mitochondrial inner membrane - electron transport chain

What are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation

1. Reduced NAD and FAD deliver hydrogen atoms, split into H+ and e-

2. NAD and FAD regenerated and go back to start

3. E- go to ETC moving through carrier proteins releasing energy

4. Energy used to pump H+ ions into inter membrane space producing an electrochemical gradient

5. H+ diffuses through ATP synthase ADP + Pi (chemiosmosis)

6. E- now leaves ETC → into matrix

7. Oxygen accepts H+ + e-

What is ATP used for

• muscle contraction

• Active transport

• Cell division

• Exo and endocytosis

How much energy is released i the removal of one phosphate

20-34kJ

Why do we use ATP

• small molecule, moves easily within cell - soluble

• Readily hydrolysed

• Can be recycled/regenerated

  • ADP+Pi→ ATP

what are the issues with using ATP for energy

• insufficient as energy lost as heat 

• Energy created different to cell requirement 

• Cannot be stored 

What is the process by which Pi is added to biological molecules

substrate level phosphorylation