Renaissance & Reformation

The Renaissance

The Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Secular

Non-religious

Florence

This city was the center of Renaissance culture in the 1400s,

Patron

a person who provides financial support for the arts

Vernacular

everyday language

De Medici Family

Rich Florence family that funded artists and artisans

Donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

Perspective

An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescoes, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. Created his own form of sonnet

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong.

"The ends justify the means"

Machiavelli

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 Theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

The 95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517.

Long Term Causes of Reformation

Printing Press, Church Corruption, Increasing Royal Power, Rising Mercantile Class, Church Reformers etc...

Short Term Causes of Reformation

Luther's Early Life, Tetzel's Sale of Indulgences, Posting of 95 Theses, and Publishing of Luther's Ideas.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Johann Tetzel

The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther.

Short Term Effects of Reformation

Luther's Excommunication, Diet & Edict of Worms, Peasant's Revolt, Some German Princes Convert to Lutheranism, Peace of Augsburg

Long Term Effects of Reformation

Catholic Reformation, Centuries of Warfare, More and More Protestant Denominations Created

Edict of Worms

When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands.

Henry VIII of England

Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time.

Tudor Dynasty

Dynasty that ruled England as a result of the War of the Roses. (1485-1603)

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation,

Pope Leo X

This was the pope that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he was also the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther

Renaissance Values

Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasures, Individualism, Humanism, Return to Classical Ideal of Greece and Rome

Catholic Reformation

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine.

Ignatious de Loyola

Formed the Jesuit order during the Catholic Reformation to spread Catholicism around the world-strongly believed in education

Pope Paul III

Pope who led the Catholic Reformation by calling for the Council of Trent.

Pope Paul IV (4th)

Made index of forbidden books & persecuted non-conformists through the Inquisition

Theresa of Avila

A Spanish noblewoman who, after joining a religious order, made reforms in convents and monasteries

Artemesia Gentileschi

Early Baroque painter, who was one of the most accomplished painters of her generation. Brought innovation to the female world of arts. She painted many pictures of strong and suffering women from myth and the Bible - victims, suicides, warriors - and made a speciality of the Judith story.

The City of Ladies

Written by Christine De Pizan

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Causes of the Renaissance

Increasing trade, wealthy merchants, growing cities

Northern Italy

Where the Renaissance began

The Northern Renaissance

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance

Christian Humanists

Humanists from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw humanist learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)

Woodcuts, Pamphlets, Tavern Songs

Forms of 16th Century Social Media

Martin Luther's 3 Key Beliefs

Salvation through faith alone; A Priesthood of all believers; The Bible is the only source of God's will.

Pietr Brueghel

Northern Renaissance artist whose paintings focused on landscapes and common folk.

The Act of Supremacy

Declared the King (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Anabaptists

)member of movement of the Protestant Reformation of modern Baptists, Mennonites, and Quakers believe infant baptism is not valid, because a child cannot commit to a religious faith,