(2.3.2) Global City- case studies

Describe the location of Mumbai.

• In a state on the West coast on India

• On a peninsula

What makes Mumbai a global city?

• Port sees 20% of foreign trade

• Jobs attract migrants from all over India

• Financial centre- location of India’s National Stock Exchange

• Bollywood base- employs 200,000

• International Airport is connected globally.

• 7th largest city in the world

• MNCs like Tata

What contributed to the expansion of Mumbai?

• Natural growth during 20th century

• Rural to urban migration

Why is the fertility rate lower in urban areas?

• People are more career-oriented

• Access to contraception

• Expensive to live there

What are the economic push factors towards Mumbai?

• Smaller farms can no longer compete with larger farms

• Jobs in farms are hard to find and badly paid

• Rapid population growth- divided land has resulted in people unable to live of their land.

What are the social push factors towards Mumbai?

• Educational and health standards are lower in rural areas.

• Farming provides few prospects of a better life for young people.

What are the economic pull factors towards Mumbai?

• Better job prospects.

• Financial capital of India with HQs of major companies

What are the social pull factors towards Mumbai?

• Good schools, universities, hospitals

• Higher living standards- water + electricity

• Many already know previous migrants and hope connections will help them settle.

How has international migration affected Mumbai’s growth?

• (2001) 95% of international migrants were from neighbouring countries- around 5 million.

Ways of life in Mumbai- the Elite.

• Bungalows close to the CBD

• Business of government jobs

• Employ servants

• Children at private schools

Ways of life in Mumbai- Middle Classes.

• Tend to live in flats/apartments

• Educated to degree level and work in offices

Ways of life in Mumbai- the poor (formal/informal)

• Some live in chawls- blocks of flats

• Often overcrowded and in poor state

• May live in shacks or slum settlements

Where are slum settlements found?

• Near the CBD on vacant land

• Next to railway lines

• Next to main roads

• Near factories or ports

• On land no one wants

What is the informal sector?

Jobs that do not have a regular wage or benefits and are instead cash-in-hand

What urban challenges are facing Mumbai?

• Traffic- overcrowded railway system
  

• Housing- 1 in 6 live in slums, high demand and low supply as well as too expensive for the population.

• Informal economy

• Inequality- socio-economic mainly

• Waste and sewage- few lines and dangerous disposal

How does the informal economy affect the wider economy?

Low wages in the informal sector- children must work and money is not saved - no education means they continue in the informal sector

no tax is paid → government cannot invest in schools or hospitals → children are forced back into the cycle of informal sector jobs

What is the poverty cycle?

With so many other aspects affecting the lives of poorer people in Mumbai, escaping poverty is challenging.

What is the bottom up approach in Dharavi (largest slum)? Give some examples.

Improving life in Dharavi in smaller scale efforts.

• Turning the homes into stronger, more secure houses

• Charities targeting education

• Self-help- small businesses and improving water system

What are some advantages of large scale efforts- slum clearance in Dharavi?

• Provide safer places to live

• Improved living conditions

• Help escape poverty cycle - education etc.

What are some disadvantages of large scale efforts- slum clearance in Dharavi?

• Difficult to carry out

• Government opposition

• Many residents don’t want to be part of the efforts

• Do not want the upheaval to affect the informal economy set up in the slums

Describe the location of Cardiff.

Largest city in Wales, situated in the south-east.

What makes Cardiff a global city?

• Fastest growing economic centre in the UK

• Global companies present

• Connected to London and several overseas destinations.

• Welsh Government base

• BBC TV programmes filmed there.

What factors have contributed to the expansion of Cardiff?

• Migration

• Natural increase

have added nearly 17000 to the population since 2015.

How is Cardiff connected to the wider city-region?

In 2018, 98,300 people commuted into Cardiff from surrounding areas.

How is Cardiff connected to other parts of the world by migration?

• Economic migrants between 1800s + 1930s

• 8% of the population are ethnic minorities.

What are some push factors to Cardiff?

• Outbreak of war in Somalia in 1980s

• Lack of farming jobs in rural areas

What are some pull factors towards Cardiff?

• Better job opportunities

• Businesses offer jobs in different sectors

Ways of life in Cardiff- factors.

• Multicultural with international migrants- 15% made up of ethnic minorities.

• Varying levels of deprivation throughout, with links between areas with many migrants and higher deprivation rates.

How is housing an urban issue in Cardiff?

• Lack of affordable housing in deprived areas.

• High increase of households in Wales means high house demand

How is the housing crisis in Cardiff being addressed?

The government has stated that all new developments must include between 20-30% affordable housing.

How is poverty an urban issue in Cardiff?

• Lack of employment in certain areas

• Disparity in development in different areas

How is poverty being tackled in Cardiff?

• Cardiff Foodbank supports families

• ReAct programme aims to get people back into employment by giving them skills employers are after.