apes unit 5 land and water use
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Q: What is the tragedy of the commons?
A: When individuals overuse shared resources for personal gain, leading to depletion.
Q: Why does the tragedy of the commons occur?
A: Due to lack of ownership, no direct consequences, and the assumption others will overuse.
Q: What is a negative externality?
A: A cost of resource use not borne by the user, like pollution.
Q: Name a law that helps prevent overuse of resources.
A: The Clean Water Act or Clean Air Act.
Q: What is clearcutting?
A: Removing all trees in an area, often for logging.
Q: What are the effects of clearcutting on soil and water?
A: Increases erosion, raises stream turbidity and temperature.
Q: Why do tree plantations reduce biodiversity?
A: They consist of single-species, same-age trees that lack habitat diversity.
Q: What greenhouse gases are released by slash-and-burn agriculture?
A: CO₂, N₂O, and water vapor.
Q: What is the Green Revolution?
A: The shift from small-scale to industrial agriculture using new technologies.
Q: What are the pros and cons of synthetic fertilizers?
A: Pros: Fast plant growth; Cons: Eutrophication and CO₂ emissions.
Q: How do high-yield crops affect biodiversity?
A: They reduce genetic diversity, increasing pest and disease vulnerability.
Q: What is the main drawback of mechanization?
A: It increases fossil fuel use and compacts soil.
Q: What is monocropping?
A: Growing a single crop type in a large area.
Q: Why is tilling potentially harmful?
A: It breaks up topsoil, increasing erosion.
Q: What irrigation method is most efficient?
A: Drip irrigation (>95% efficiency).
Q: What causes soil salinization?
A: Salt buildup from evaporating irrigation water.
Q: What is an aquifer?
A: A groundwater storage area in rock or sediment layers.
Q: What's the difference between confined and unconfined aquifers?
A: Confined aquifers are between impermeable layers and recharge slowly.
Q: How does pesticide resistance develop?
A: Pesticides kill non-resistant pests, allowing resistant ones to survive and reproduce.
Q: What is a Bt crop?
A: A GMO plant that produces a natural insecticide from Bt bacteria.
Q: What is a downside of herbicide-resistant crops?
A: Increased herbicide use and reduced genetic diversity.
Q: What are CAFOs?
A: Densely packed feedlots for raising animals quickly using grain.
Q: How does free-range grazing compare to CAFOs?
A: It uses more land but avoids antibiotics and pollution.
Q: What is rotational grazing?
A: Moving livestock periodically to prevent overgrazing.
Q: What is maximum sustainable yield (MSY)?
A: The highest resource use that doesn't reduce future availability.
Q: Name three environmental sustainability indicators.
A: Biodiversity, food production, or atmospheric CO₂ levels.
Q: What is fishery collapse?
A: A 90%+ decline in fish population, often irreversible.
Q: How does bottom trawling harm ecosystems?
A: It destroys habitats and increases sediment turbidity.
Q: What is a trophic cascade in fisheries?
A: The loss of large fish disrupts the food web, affecting all levels.
Q: What is overburden?
A: Surface material removed to access ore underneath.
Q: What causes acid mine drainage?
A: Rainwater reacts with sulfides in rock to form sulfuric acid.
Q: What is the goal of mining reclamation?
A: To restore mined land to a natural or usable state.
Q: What causes saltwater intrusion?
A: Excessive groundwater withdrawal allows seawater to seep in.
Q: How does urbanization affect the water cycle?
A: Impervious surfaces increase runoff and reduce infiltration.
Q: What is urban sprawl?
A: Uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding regions.
Q: What does an ecological footprint measure?
A: The land and water needed to support consumption and waste.
Q: What increases a person's footprint?
A: Meat-heavy diets, fossil fuel use, and overconsumption.
Q: What decreases ecological footprint?
A: Renewable energy, public transport, and plant-based diets.
Q: What is urban runoff?
A: Rainwater that flows over surfaces, carrying pollutants to waterways.
Q: How does permeable pavement help reduce runoff?
A: It allows water to infiltrate, reducing flooding and pollution.
Q: What is a rain garden?
A: A planted area that filters and absorbs stormwater.
Q: What is biocontrol in IPM?
A: Using natural predators to control pests.
Q: What is the push-pull system?
A: Push plants repel pests, pull plants attract them away from crops.
Q: What is contour plowing?
A: Plowing parallel to slopes to reduce runoff and erosion.
Q: How does crop rotation improve soil?
A: It prevents nutrient depletion and reduces pests.
Q: What does limestone do for soil?
A: Neutralizes acidity and prevents nutrient leaching.
Q: What is aquaculture?
A: Farming of aquatic organisms like fish in controlled environments.
Q: What are drawbacks of aquaculture?
A: Disease, pollution, and escape of non-native species.
Q: What is selective cutting?
A: Removing only certain trees to preserve ecosystem health.
Q: What are prescribed burns?
A: Controlled fires to reduce dead biomass and prevent larger wildfires.