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56 Terms
1
Asexual
Made by a single parent organism without the involvement of gametes.
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2
Binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two parts, each with the potential to grow into a new organism.
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3
Cell division
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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4
Chromatin
The material of which the chromosomes of organisms are composed, consisting of DNA and proteins.
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5
Chromosomes
Structures within cells that contain genetic information, composed of chromatin.
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6
Duplicated
Refers to a cell that has two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent.
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7
Unduplicated
Refers to a cell that contains one copy of each chromosome.
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8
Centromere
The region of a chromosome that links sister chromatids.
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9
Cytokinesis
The process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a parental cell is divided into two daughter cells.
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10
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms.
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11
Mitosis
A type of cell division where one cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
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12
Sister Chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome, connected by a centromere.
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13
Cell Cycle
The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and replication.
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14
Interphase
The phase of the cell cycle in which a cell spends most of its time, preparing for division.
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15
Mitotic Phase
The phase of the cell cycle during which mitosis takes place.
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16
G1
The first stage of interphase in the cell cycle, focused on cell growth.
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17
S
The phase in the cell cycle where DNA is replicated.
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18
G2
The second gap phase in interphase following DNA replication, where the cell prepares for mitosis.
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19
G0
A stage where cells are in a quiescent state, not actively dividing.
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20
Cytokinesis
The process during cell division that separates the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
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21
Cleavage Furrow
The indentation that begins to form when a cell is undergoing cytokinesis.
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22
Cell Plate
The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells, leading to the separation of the two daughter cells.
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23
Contact Inhibition
A process that stops cells from dividing once they come into contact with each other.
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24
Cyclin/CDK
Proteins involved in regulating the cell cycle.
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25
Apoptosis
The process of programmed cell death.
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26
Tumor
An abnormal mass of tissue resulting from uncontrolled cell division.
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27
Benign
A tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body.
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28
Malignant
A tumor that is cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body.
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29
Cancer
A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division.
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30
DNA
The molecule that carries genetic information.
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31
Mutation
A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to different traits.
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32
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.
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33
Carcinogen
A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.
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34
Surgery
A medical procedure to remove cancerous tissue from the body.
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35
Radiation
A treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
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36
Chemotherapy
A treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
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37
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and structure, one from each parent.
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38
Somatic
Relating to the cells of the body excluding gametes.
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39
Diploid
A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes.
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40
Gametes
Reproductive cells that unite during fertilization to form a zygote.
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41
Haploid
A cell that contains only one complete set of chromosomes.
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42
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
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43
Sexual Reproduction
The process by which organisms combine genetic material from two parents to create genetically diverse offspring.
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44
Fertilization
The process of fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
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45
Zygote
The fertilized egg that develops into a new organism.
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46
Variation
Differences between individuals that can be attributed to genetic differences.
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47
Crossing Over
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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48
Independent Assortment
The random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis.
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49
Random Fertilization
The process by which any sperm can fertilize any egg, contributing to genetic diversity.
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50
Nondisjunction
The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division.
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51
Karyotype
The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
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52
Autosomes
Chromosomes that do not determine sex; in humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes.
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53
Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (X and Y chromosomes).
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54
Aneuploidy
An abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, which can lead to genetic disorders.
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55
Trisomy
A condition where there are three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
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56
Monosomy
A condition where there is only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.
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