Patho

B Cells

Produces antibodies (produces IgG)

Helper T Cells

Activate B cells and produce cytokines

Saline 0.9 NaCl is

Isotonic

Diffusion

Molecules move from higher to lower concentration

Normal Blood pH

7.35-7.45; (lower than 7.35 is acidic; higher than 7.45 is alkaline)

Normal Glucose

70-110

Normal BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

8-25

Normal PCO2

35-45

Respiratory Acidosis

Retains CO2 release H+

Respiratory Alkalosis

Low PCO2 increase H+

Normal PaO2

90-100; lower is hypoxia/hypoxemia

Normal HCO3-

22-26

Increase in carbonic acid

Respiratory acidosis

Decrease in carbonic acid

Respiratory alkalosis

Decrease in HCO3-

Metabolic acidosis

Increase in HCO3-

Metabolic alkalosis (hyperventilation)

Multi-drug-resistant organism

Hard to treat, can progress to blood, bone, lung, skin, life threatening - MRSA

Trousseau and Chvostek Sign

Assesses Hypocalcemia

Pulmonary causes leading to acidosis

Asthma/ Short of breath

Secondary Hypertension

Caused by Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction

Lack of Oxygen availability

Malignant Hypertension

Blood pressure 180/120

Risk Factors of Malignant Hypertension/ Crisis

Obesity, Alcohol, Hypertension, Cardio disorder

Low Hemoglobin

Can be caused by blood loss, anemia

System responsible for maintaining homeostasis

RAAS

RAAS Steps

Angio I produced, Renin released, Angio I converts to Angio II

Angio-converting enzyme

Helps produce Angio II in lungs and stimulates release of aldosterone

COPD Symptoms

Short of breath, Cough, Wheezing, Fatigue, Blue lips, Swollen feet/legs

Low Respiratory causes

Pneumonia, COPD, Asthma, Pulmonary TB, Res. Mycoses (airways/lungs)

Upper Respiratory causes

Cold, Pharyngitis, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis (nose/throat)

Crohn's

Inflammatory bowel disease, can affect any part of GI tract

Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease, Immune system/genetic, complication: bleeding

Innate Immunity

Quick, first line defense, present at birth

Adaptive Immunity

Specific response (has memory)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Chronic inflammation of the joints; autoimmune; body attacks joint lining

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease; wear and tear over time

Cor Pulmonale

Right ventricle enlarges/fails; causes breathing difficulty, fast heartbeat, chest pain

Respiratory alkalosis recommendation

Breathe into a paper bag

Botulism

A communicable disease that paralyzes muscles 6 hours after exposure

Infective Endocarditis

Condition developed with chest pain, fever, blood pressure 125/85 mm Hg, valve perforation, and new murmur

Itching and aching in the lower leg muscles

Symptom description

Late systolic

Documentation of a client's heart murmur that begins just before S2 and ends at S2

Increased serum glucose

Causes endothelial injury, which would lead to atherosclerosis

Pericarditis

Condition indicated by sharp pain in the chest, elevated ST segment on ECG, and increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen

Hypothyroidism

A risk factor for atherosclerosis

Insufficient vitamin D

A risk factor for hypertension

Dressler's syndrome

Deposition of immune complexes, causing inflammation and fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac

Chronic venous insufficiency

Condition indicated by dusky discoloration around the ankle, instep, and lower leg

Oncotic pressure

A force that attempts to pull fluid from the interstitial and intracellular spaces

Pulmonary emboli

A cause specifically for right ventricle failure (RVF)

Anticoagulant prescription

The percentage of clots becoming emboli is unknown

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Condition where an extra supply of coronary artery blood flow is unavailable, leading to chest pain

Orthostatic hypotension

Indicated by blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg while lying and 130/80 mm Hg upon standing

Upper GI bleed

Symptoms include abdominal pain and occult blood

Virchow's triad

Risk factors include hypercoagulability, venous stasis, and vascular damage

Translation in protein synthesis

Process of protein synthesis from RNA

Intron

Does NOT code for protein

Gene

Provides information for one protein

Karyotype

All the chromosomal pairs in an individual

Cholecystitis risk factor

Female

Benign tumors

Examples include adenoma and osteoma

Common sign of Multiple Sclerosis

Weakness

Down Syndrome

Trisomy 21

Bell's Palsy

Characterized by one-sided sudden facial muscle weakness and trouble closing one eye

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A condition affecting the peripheral nervous system

Myasthenia Gravis

Both autoimmune issues affecting facial expression, vision, speech, chewing, and swallowing.

Cirrhosis

Characterized by jaundice, abdomen swelling, weight loss, and dark urine.

Diverticulosis

Presence of pouches in the sigmoid colon.

Aplastic anemia

Condition where the immune system attacks bone marrow cells, increasing the likelihood of developing leukemia.

Pernicious Anemia

A decrease in RBC due to the body's inability to absorb enough B-12.

Tympanic membrane perforation

Can cause middle ear infection.

Thyroid cancer

Diagnosis indicated by a 44-year-old female with a lump in the neck, dysphagia, voice change, abnormal TSH, and a fluid-filled nodule on neck ultrasound.

Hep A

Caused by contaminated food/water, fecal/oral transmission, presenting with nausea, vomiting, abdominal ache, pruritus, edema of legs, ascites, and jaundice.

ESRD

End-stage renal disease, often caused by diabetes and high blood pressure.

Stage 1 Lyme

Characterized by swollen lymph nodes.

Thrombus

A stationary clot inside a vein or artery.

Embolus

A clot that breaks loose and travels to another location in the body.

Aneurysm

Dilation of a vessel wall.

Vaso Occlusive Crisis in Sickle Cell Complications

Can lead to retinal detachment and renal insufficiency.

Ischemic stroke

Considered serious due to involvement of a large area of brain tissue.

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Characterized by elevated blood pressure and suspected injury to the trigeminal nerve, leading to impaired chewing.

Huntington's disease (HD)

Testing involves obtaining a small sample of blood from the client.

Eczema

Inflammation of the skin.

Vitamin D deficiency disorders

Includes Rickets and Osteomalacia.

Osteoclast

Cells that break down bone tissue.

Osteoblast

Cells that form new bone.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful cramps that may also include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and diarrhea.

Menorrhagia

Heavy periods that may also lead to fatigue and anemia due to blood loss.

Delayed puberty

Can be caused by chronic illness.

Leiomyomas

Can be mistaken for cysts or urethral diverticulum.

Adenomyosis

Condition often mistaken for uterine fibroids.

Endometriosis

Characterized by menorrhagia, infertility, and pelvic pain.

Uterine fibroids

Also known as leiomyomas or myomas.

PID

Pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Gonorrhea or Chlamydia.

Signs of PID

Include lower abdominal pain, fever, myalgia, and cervical motion tenderness.

Complications of PID

Can cause scarring of fallopian tubes and infertility.

Erectile dysfunction risk factor

Diabetes.

Treatment for prostate cancer

Cryoablation

Urethritis

Condition described in a male with scrotal pain and discharge from the penis, confirmed by a swab detecting chlamydia.