BONES A&P I

Axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, hyoid, middle ear bones

Appendicular skeleton

limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

Skull

cranial and facial bones protecting brain and forming face

Vertebral column

spine that supports body and protects spinal cord

Auditory ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes (middle ear bones)

Hyoid bone

only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Axial skeleton bone count

80 bones

Appendicular skeleton bone count

126 bones

Squamous suture

connects parietal bones

Temporal bone

contains mastoid sinuses

Occipital bone

articulates with atlas (C1)

Meatus

tube-like opening or canal

Cribriform plate (ethmoid)

separates nasal and cranial cavities

Orbit (NOT part)

nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

forms cheekbones

Fontanel

soft spots in infant skull

Mental foramen

NOT a facial bone marking

Palatine process

forms hard palate

Maxilla

keystone of facial skeleton

Septal cartilage

forms nose shape

Mandible (NOT marking)

horizontal plate

Vertebral lamina

posterior part of vertebra

Cervical vertebrae

neck region of spine

Thoracic vertebrae

chest region of spine

Lumbar vertebrae

lower back region

Atlas

C1 vertebra

Axis

C2 vertebra

Dens

peg on axis vertebra

True ribs

first 7 pairs attach to sternum

False ribs

5 pairs that do not attach directly to sternum

Floating ribs

ribs 11–12 with no anterior attachment

Manubrium

upper part of sternum

Body of sternum

middle portion of sternum

Xiphoid process

lower tip of sternum

Costal cartilage

connects ribs to sternum

Kyphosis

hunchback spinal curvature

Scoliosis

sideways spinal curvature

Lordosis

swayback spinal curvature

Mastoiditis

infection of temporal bone

Otitis media

middle ear infection treated with antibiotics

Frontal sinuses

located in frontal bone

Sella turcica

sphenoid landmark

Conchae

ethmoid structures

Foramen magnum

occipital opening for spinal cord

Coronoid process

mandible feature

Mastoid process

temporal bone landmark

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

Red bone marrow

produces blood cells

Periosteum

outer bone covering

Endosteum

inner bone lining

Medullary cavity

hollow shaft of long bone

Articular cartilage

covers ends of bones in joints

Calcium

stored mineral in bones

Hyaline cartilage

most common cartilage type

Shoulder girdle

clavicle and scapula

Glenoid cavity

shoulder socket

Radius

forearm bone on thumb side

Ulna

medial forearm bone

Carpals

wrist bones

Metacarpals

palm bones

Phalanges

fingers and toes bones

Pelvic girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

Acetabulum

hip socket

Greater trochanter

femur landmark

Pelvic brim

upper opening of pelvis

Ischium

strongest lower pelvic bone

Talus

ankle bone connecting tibia and fibula

Calcaneus

heel bone

Fibula

lateral lower leg bone

Tibia

shin bone

Medial malleolus

inner ankle bone of tibia

Male pelvis

narrow pelvic inlet, stronger bones

Female pelvis

wider pelvic inlet, more flexible coccyx

Subpubic angle

wider in females

Osteoporosis

porous brittle bone disease

Osteosarcoma

primary malignant bone tumor

Chondrosarcoma

cancer of cartilage

Osteomyelitis

bone infection

Paget disease

abnormal bone remodeling disease

Rickets

vitamin D deficiency disease

Ossification

bone formation

Resorption

bone breakdown

Appositional growth

increase in bone width

Intramembranous ossification

bone forms without cartilage

Epiphyseal plate

growth plate of long bones

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone

Lacunae

spaces holding osteocytes

Canaliculi

connect lacunae

Osteoblasts

build bone cells

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

Osteoclasts

break down bone