RLE 112

Disease transmitted through direct, indirect, break in skin integrity, or airborne means.

Communicable Disease

Person-to-person contact, including face-to-face encounters and droplet spread.

Direct Transmission

Larger respiratory particles that remain on surfaces and travel short distances (within 3 feet).

Droplet

Smaller particles that can be suspended in the air and travel longer distances without limitation.

Airborne Transmission

Infection spread through intermediary objects, including vehicle-borne (fomites) and vector-borne (insects).

Indirect Transmission

Inoculation of pathogens through cuts or abrasions in the skin.

Break in Skin Integrity

Presence of living organisms in the body that may not be transmitted through ordinary contact.

Infectious Disease

Easily transmitted infections.

Contagious Disease

Model consisting of host, agent, and environment that explains disease transmission.

Epidemiological Triad

Man or animal with varying susceptibility to infection; includes patient, carrier, contact, and suspect.

Host

Microorganism responsible for causing disease; not all have pathogenicity or virulence.

Agent

Conditions that support the growth and multiplication of microorganisms.

Environment

Microorganism that multiplies only in living things and can pass through certain body filters.

Virus

Microorganism that can multiply in living and non-living things and cannot pass through body filters.

Bacteria

Sequence of events that lead to the spread of infection, including infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.

Chain of Infection

Practices designed to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases.

Isolation Technique

Infection control practices that assume all blood and body fluids could be infectious.

Standard Precautions

Specialized clothing or equipment worn for protection against infectious materials.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Essential practice to prevent infection, performed after removing PPE and between patient contacts.

Hand Hygiene

Measures to contain respiratory secretions, including covering mouth/nose and performing hand hygiene.

Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette

Measures for patients with infections that pose a risk for contact transmission.

Contact Precautions

Measures for patients infected with pathogens transmitted by respiratory droplets.

Droplet Precautions

Measures for patients infected with pathogens transmitted through the airborne route.

Airborne Precautions

SOURCE OF INFECTION of droplet

Respiratory droplet (droplet nuclei)

SOURCE OF INFECTION of airborne

Respiratory droplet (droplet nuclei)

RESPIRATORY DROPLET of droplet

Bigger, heavy (remains in the surface),can be carried for some time only

RESPIRATORY DROPLET of airborne

Smaller, carried/suspended in the air, lighter

Distance in droplet

Within 3ft of the patient

distance of airborne

no limitation, more extensive than droplet

fomites, inanimate objects nonliving things

Vehicle-borne

insects, arthropods, rodents

Vector-borne

infected with signs and symptoms; isolate and observe precautionary measures; least source of infection

Patient

harbors/carries microorganisms without signs and symptoms; also a/potential source of infection

carrier

close contact/exposure to infected person

Contact

medical history and symptoms suggest infections presence of disease

suspect

• only multiply in living things

• can pass through filters in the body

blood-brain barrier

placental barrier

- Rubella/German Measles (1st trimester)

virus

• multiply both in living and non-living things

• cannot pass through filters in the body (big in size)

bacteria

self-limited/self-limiting

o Colds – 2-3 days

o Influenza – 1 week

virus

self-limited/self-limiting

o Colds – 2-3 days

o Influenza – 1 week

bacteria

Treponema pallidum (C.A. of Syphillis) – can pass through placental barrier after the 16th week of pregnancy (2nd to 3rd trimester)

o 3rd trimester - highly fatal

bacteria

treated according to symptoms (no specific viral agents

virus

give us temporary immunity

bacteria

give us permanent immunity

• management: rest, nutrition

virus

protect the hands

gloves

protect skin and or clothing

Gowns/aprons

masks and respirators protect nose and mouth

masks and respirators

protect eyes

goggles

protect face and eyes

face shield

Bacteria

-Fungi

-Viruses

-Rickettsiae

-Protozoa

-Infectious agent

- People

- Equipment

- Water

reservoir

-Excretions

-Secretions

-Skin

-Droplets

portal of exit

-Direct contact

-Ingestion

-Fomites

-Airborne

means of transmission

-Mucous membrane

-GI Tract

-GU Tract

-Respiratory Tract

-Broken skin

portal of entry

- Immnuosuppresion

-Diabetes

-Surgery

susceptible host

It is based on a risk assessment and make use of common sense practices that protect healthcare providers from infection and prevent the spread of infection from patient to patient.

standard precautions

strengthening the compliance to occupational safety

RA 11058

ISOLATION TECHNIQUE

is the practice designed to prevent the

transmission of communicable diseases

1. Gown first

2. Mask or respirator

3. Goggles or face shield

4. Gloves

SEQUENCE* FOR DONNING PPE

1. Shoe cover

2. Gloves

3. Gown

4. Face shield or goggles

5. Mask or respirator

Sequence for Removing PPE