BIOL 224 Exam 1: Endocrine, Lymphatic and Immune System

TMCC, Dr. Jinger doe

True/False: The chemical messengers of the Endocrine system are hormones?

True

A type of chemical signaling in which the chemical causes a response on itself and the same type of cell is?

Autocrine signaling

True/False: Endocrine glands have a duct to release their secretion?

False

True/False: The same chemical may be a neurotransmitter or a hormone?

True

What statement is TRUE of peptide hormones?

A. They are hydrophobic

B. They are also called biogenic amines

C.They are chains of amino acids

C. They are chain of amino acids

When epinephrine binds to a receptor the results can be _____ depending on the ____.

A. Increased cAMP; first messenger

B. Decreased cAMP; prostaglandin

C. Increased insulin activity; glucagon secretion

D. Increase or decreased cAMP; receptor

D. Increase or decreased cAMP; receptor

Which of the following ALWAYS require a transport protein in the blood?

A. Steroids

B. Biogenic amines

C. Peptide hormones

A. Steroids

Which of the following will occur when levels of circulating hormones are high?

A. Receptor up regulation

B. Receptor down regulation

C. Positive feedback

D. Negative feedback

B. Receptor down regulation

True/False: Release of most hormones are regulated by negative feedback?

True

Place the following in order. (Note: Not all steps are present)

• cAMP production

• Increase protein kinase activity

• Adenylyl cyclase activation

• G-protein activation

1. G-protein activiation

2. Adenylyl cyclase activation

3. cAMP production

4. Increase protein kinase activity

If a person has been drinking alcohol, how will antidiuretic hormone release be affected?

A. It will increase

B. It will decrease

C. It will not be affected

B. It will decrease

True/False: The hypophyseal portal system provides an efficient way to deliver hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary?

True

Why do high levels of cortisol cause a decrease in secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A. High levels of cortisol stimulate other steroid hormones to be released

B. The cortisol has a permissive effect for ACTH

C. ACTH participates in a negative feedback loop with cortisol

C. ACTH participates in a negative feedback loop with cortisol

True/False: Oxytocin release is controlled by a positive feedback loop

True

Acromegaly is caused by overproduction of ____ during adulthood

A. Growth hormone

B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C. Somatostatin

D. Thyroid stimulating hormone

A. Growth hormone

True/False: Hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary are produced by the hypothalamus

True

True/False: The hormone that stimulates milk let-down is prolactin

False

True/False: Antidiuretic hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary

True

Place the following in order: Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Cortisol, Corticotropin releasing hormone

Corticotropin releasing hormone → Adrenocorticotropic hormone → Cortisol

Which of the following hormones produced by the thyroid gland is hydrophilic?

A. T3

B. T4

C. Calcitonin

D. Both T3 and T4

C. Calcitonin

True/False: Your patient is thin, nervous, and has high heart rate. Are you concerned about hypothyroidism?

False

A _____ is an enlarged thyroid gland is usually caused by _____ deficiency

A. Gout; iodine

B. Goiter; iodine

C. Gout; iron

D. Goiter; iron

B. Goiter; iodine

True/False: Parathyroid hormone will decrease blood calcium levels

False

True/False: Parathyroid hormone will decrease calcium levels in the urine

True

True/False: Parathyroid hormone stimulates production of calcitriol

True

Which of the following will decrease parathyroid hormone secretion?

A. High blood calcium

B. High Blood calcitonin

C. High blood calcitriol

D. High blood vitamin D

A. High blood calcium

True/False: A patient with hyperparathyroidism may present with bone fractures

True

Put the following layers of an adrenal gland in order from superficial to deep.

Zona Glomerulosa → Zona Fasciculata → Zona Reticularis → Adrenal Medulla

In what ways are the hormonal effects of epinephrine/norepinephrine and the glucocorticoids similar?

A. The sympathetic nervous system causes the release of both

B. Both Decrease heart rate

C. Both increase blood glucose and promote breakdown of stored fats

D. Both increase glycogen and protein synthesis

C. Both increase blood glucose and promote breakdown of stored fats

Your patient has a moon-shaped face, rapid weight gain, and is often sick. You suspect an overproduction of__

A.Glucocorticoids

B. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

C. Androgens

D. Aldosterone

A.Glucocorticoids

Long term stress can cause immunosuppression due to increased production of hormones by the ____

A. Zona Glomerulosa

B. Zona Fasciculata

C. Zona Reticularis

D. Adrenal Medulla

B. Zona Fasciculata

True/False: Hypokalemia (low blood potassium) will increase aldosterone secretion

False

Adrenal androgens are produced by the ___

A. Zona Glomerulosa

B. Zona Fasciculata

C. Zona Reticularis

D. Adrenal Medulla

C. Zona Reticularis

True/False: Elevated levels of aldosterone will increase blood pressure

True

The main hormone released during the alarm phase of the stress response are

A. Cortisol

B. Aldosterone

C. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

D. Androgens

C. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Which of the following may be inflammatory or immunosuppressive?

A. Aldosterone

B. Androgens

C. Cortisol

D. Epinephrine

C. Cortisol

Which of the following is an effect of glucagon?

A. Accelerated glucose uptake and utilization

B. Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue

C. Stimulation of protein synthesis

D. Stimulation of glycogen formation

B. Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue

Which pancreatic cell is paired with the hormone it produces?

A. Alpha cells/somatostatin

B. Beta cells/insulin

C. Delta cells/glucagon

B. Beta cells/insulin

True/False: Insulin is released directly after a meal?

True

True/False: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder?

False

Which of the following are common treatments for type 2 diabetes? (select all that apply)

A. Insulin

B. Diet

C. Exercise

D. Oral medications

B. Diet, C. Exercise, D. Oral medication

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

A. Distributing lymphocytes

B. Resisting and overcoming disease

C. Draining blood into the right atrium of the heart

D. Lipid absorption

C. Draining blood into the right atrium of the heart

If the thymus failed to produce thymic hormones, which population of lymphocytes would be affected?

A. B cells

B. T cells

C. Monocytes

D. Natural Killer cells

B. T cells

True/False: The spleen is the main site where red blood cells are recycled

True

Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that absorb dietary triglycerides are called?

A. Lacteals

B. Cisterna chlyi

C. Lymphatic trunks

D. Lymphatic nodes

A. Lacteals

True/False: The lymphoid organ which undergoes involution is the appendix

False

True/False: The lymph nodes filter the blood

False

Which of the following is not a characteristic or function of nonspecific defenses?

A. They are present at birth

B. Destruction of abnormal cells by natural killer cells

C. Inflammation slowing tissue repair

D. Interferons coordinating defenses against viral infections

C. Inflammation slowing tissue repair

True/False: Interferons inhibit viral reproduction

True

Which of the following is not an outcome of complement activation?

A. Making target cells easier to engulf

B. Destruction of target cell membranes

C. Attracting neutrophils and macrophages

D. Reducing inflammation

D. Reducing inflammation

True/False: Pyrogens cause fever

True

Which of the following cells is not involved in innate immunity?

A. T cell

B. Neutrophil

C. Macrophage

D. Natural Killer cell

A. T cell

The granules of natural killer cells contain the protein ____ that causes the target cell to undergo apoptosis. (select all that apply)

A. Granzyme

B. Perforin

C. Complement

D. Cytokines

A. Granzyme, B. Perforin

Which is the main organ that produces complement proteins?

A. The liver

B. The red bone marrow

C. The spleen

D. The thymus

A. The liver

The elimination of self-reactive thymocytes is called

A. Positive selection

B. Negative selection

C. Tolerance

D. Clonal selection

B. Negative selection

Which type of T cell is most effective against viral infections?

A. T helper 1

B. T helper 2

C. Cytotoxic T cell

D. Regulatory T cell

C. Cytotoxic T cell

True/False: Th2 cells help activate B cells

True

True/False: Individual T cells can respond to multiple epitopes

False

T cells that can suppress other T cells are called ___ T cells

A. Helper

B. Cytotoxic

C. Regulatory

D. Memory

C. Regulatory

Proteins that bind to antigen fragments and display them on the surface of a cell are ___

A. Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins

B. Epitopes

C. B cell receptor

D. T cell receptor

A. Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins

What kind of immunity protects a developing fetus?

A. Natural active immunity

B. Natural passive immunity

C. Artificial active immunity

D. Artificial passive immunity

B. Natural passive immunity

How is the secondary response affected if memory b cells for a particular pathogen are not present?

A. A pathogen which previously invaded will be recognized and killed rapidly

B. The secondary response would not occur

C. Memory T cells take over the role of memory B cells

D. CD4 cells would differentiate into B cells

B. The secondary response would not occur

A person with severe allergy would have high circulating ___

A. IgA

B. IgD

C. IgE

D. IgM

C. IgE

The only antibody that can function outside the body is

A. IgA

B. IgD

C. IgG

D. IgM

A. IgA

The ____ determines the epitope binding specificity of an antibody

A. Constant Region

B. Variable Region

B. Variable Region

The destruction of B cells in the bone marrow that would otherwise attack host tissue is

A. Central tolerance

B. Peripheral tolerance

C. Clonal selection

D. Clonal anergy

A. Central tolerance

What are the five mechanisms of intracellular communication?

Direct, Paracrine, Autocrine, Endocrine, Synaptic

Mechanism of Intercellular Communication: Direct

Gap junctions allow for small molecule and ion transfer directly between cells

Mechanism of Intercellular Communication: Paracrine

A signalling molecule effects a different cell type from the one that secreted it in the same tissue

Mechanism of Intercellular Communication: Autocrine

A signalling molecule effects the same type of cell that secreted it in the same tissue

Mechanism of Intercellular Communication: Endocrine

A signalling molecule is secreted into the blood stream and acts on distant tissue/organ

Mechanism of Intercellular Communication: Synapatic

A signalling molecule stimulates a cell at a junction between a neuron and its target

Place the following in order regarding the action of a generic hydrophobic hormone

Hormone binds intracellular receptor → Transport of the hormone/receptor complex to the nucleus → Binding of the hormone/receptor complex to the target gene → Transcription → Translation

Aldosterone: Function

Stimulates sodium ion retention and potassium ion secretion in the kidneys

Antidiuretic hormone: Function

Stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys

Calcitonin: Function

Decrease blood calcium ion levels

Glucagon: Function

Increases blood glucose

Insulin: Function

Decreases blood glucose

Luteinizing hormone: Function

Stimulates androgen production and ovulation

Parathyroid hormone: Function

Increases blood calcium ion levels

Prolactin: Function

Stimulates milk production

Somatostatin: Function

Inhibits the release of growth hormones. Regulates insulin and glucagon

Calcitonin: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Calcitriol: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic

Hydrophobic

Cortisol: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic

Hydrophobic

Epinephrine: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Estrogen: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic

Hydrophobic

Prolactin: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Thyroid Hormone: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic

Hydrophobic

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Put the following in order for thyroid hormone production

1. Thyroid stimulating hormone binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of follicular cells

2. Iodide is taken up by follicular cells from the blood

3. Iodide is transferred into the colloid of a thyroid follicle

4. Iodide is bound to the tyrosine amino acids in thyroglobulin

5. T3 and T4 are hydrolyzed from thyroglobulin

6. T3 and T4 are removed from the colloid and into the follicular cells

7. T3 and T4 are moved to the blood plasma by the follicular cells

True/False: Cushing’s disease is hyperadrenocorticism and Addison’s disease is hypoadrenocorticism?

True

Steroid hormones DO NOT need a

Second Messenger

True/False: Negative feedback returns the body to homeostasis

True

True/False: The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) and calcitriol

False, Just T3 and T4

True/False: Pituitary dwarfism is the most common cause of dwarfism

False

Adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates

The release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

What two hormones are stored in and released from the posterior pituitary?

Oxytocin and ADH

What element is added to most commercial salt to help prevent goiter and hypothyroidism?

Iodine

Why do people with hypothyroidism have goiter?

With decreased levels of circulating thyroid hormone, there will be increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).