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Atoms
Building blocks of matter
Molecule
Substance comprised of bonded atoms
Nucleus
Center of an atom containing protons (+) and neutrons
Electrons
Particles orbiting the nucleus that carry a negative charge
Electron shell
Discrete levels of electron orbits
Isotope
Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutron
Heat
Property that results from the physical vibrations of atoms and molecules
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Evaporation
Molecules that contain so much kinetic energy that they escape from the liquid surface and become a gas
Vaporized
When molecules are converted into a gas
Gas
When high energy molecules move independently of one another between collisions
Density
The amount of mass contained in a unit volume
Heat capacity
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1C
Solvent power
The capability of liquid water to dissolve material
Covalent bond
The sharing of electrons between two atoms to create a molecule
Dipole structure
An electrical imbalance in a molecule creating a positive and negative end
Hydrogen bonding
When the negative end of a molecule is attracted to and become electrically bonded to the positive end of a nearby molecule
Cation
Positively charged atom
Anion
Negatively charged atom
Ionic bonds
Bond created by the attraction between a cation and an anion
Saturated
When there is physically no more room in a solution for more ions to dissolve
Hydration
When ions in a solution are surrounded by water molecules
Hexagon
Six sided structure in which the H2O molecules in ice are ordered into
Polymer
Molecules that resemble the open crystalline structure of ice that persist until water reaches 4C
Solvent
The dissolving agent
Solute
The dissolved substances
Two most abundant ions in seawater
Cl- and Na+
Six most abundant ions in seawater
Cl-, Na+, SO4-2, Mg+2, Ca+2, and K+
Conservative property of seawater
Seawater’s major constituents vary little over time
Inert
Unreactive gas
Principle of constant proportion
The relative proportions of the major constituents of seawater are constant
Evaporate
Precipitate produced in an supersaturated environment
Steady state equilibrium
Balance between inputs and outputs
Adsorption
The sticking of ions to a surface
Residence time
Average time that ions remain in a solution
Insolation
The solar energy striking the earth’s surface
Isotherm
Contour lines connecting points of equal water temperature
Thermocline
Sharp vertical temperature gradient
Halocline
Sharp vertical salinity gradient
Stratification
Separation of water in distinct layers based on differences in density
Pycnocline
Sharp vertical density gradient
Saturation value
The amount of gas at equilibrium that can be dissolved by a volume of water at a specific salinity
Solubility
The property of being dissolved or going into a solution
Undersaturation
The state of being below the saturation value
Supersaturation
The state of being over the saturation value
Anoxic
Without oxygen
Advection
The horizontal flow of a fluid
Convection
The vertical flow of a fluid
Buffered system
The mixture of compounds and the nature of the reactions are such that the pH is hardly affected by despite an input or output of H+
Photic zone
Sunlit upper layer
Aphotic zone
No light
Unique properties of seawater
Max density at 4C, exists in three states at all times, high dissolvability, very transparent, surface tension, low compressability, high heat capacity
Effects of salinity on the properties of seawater
Lower freezing temperature, increased density, lower vapor pressure
