Exercise test prescrip 1 Exam

What is the difference between physical activity and exercise?

PA is any body movement that use energy, while exercise is a type of recreation PA consisting of planned and structure meant to improve fitness.

What factors determine the total energy expenditure associated with physical

activity?

The amount of muscle mass producing bodily movement and intensity, duration, and frequency of muscle contractions.

What is physical fitness, and how is it related to physical activity and exercise?

is the outcome of PA and exercise(strength, endurance, and flexibility). set of attributes or characteristics individuals have or achieve that relate to their ability to perform PA and activities of daily living.

What are the four major domains of physical activity?

Recreation, transport, occupation, and household

Give two examples of transportation-related physical activity?

walking to work and biking vigorously at a challenging pace to get to work

Why has occupational and household physical activity declined over the past 50 years?

less labor-focused jobs and decline in some population for household for less labor like use a robot cleaner to do it.

What does a MET represent? What does it equal to in mL/kg/min?

Represents the standard metabolic equivalent used to estimate the amount of oxygen and energy used by the body during PA. 1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min

MET level for light intensity

1.6-2.9 (sitting, walking, standing)

MET level for moderate intensity

3-5.9 (fast walking, swimming leisurely, bicycling on a flat surface)

MET level for vigorous intensity

≥6 (hiking at an incline, carrying heavy loads, mountain biking)

What is sedentary behavior defined as?

Any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure ≤1.5 METs while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture

What criteria defines “physical inactivity” according to current recommendation?

Not doing at least 150 total minutes of moderate intensity, or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity, PA per week for the past 3 months.

What are MET-minutes, and what is the recommended weekly rang?

(MET level x Time) = quantifies the product of intensity level and duration of PA. Recommended 500 to 1000 MET-minutes per week.

What is cardiorespiratory fitness

Ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to the body during sustained physical activity.

What are the subcomponents of muscular fitness?

muscular endurance, muscular strength, and muscular power

Muscular endurance

The ability of muscle to continue to perform without fatigue

Muscular strength

The ability of muscle to exert force– Maximal amount of weight lifted or pressed, or force generated, in a single effort.

Muscular power

The ability or rate at which work can be performed– Ability of muscle tissue to exert high force while contracting at a high speed.(barbell snatch)

How is flexibility defined

Joint’s ability to pass through a given range of motion (ROM) without significant impingement or restriction.

what structures influence range of motion?

– Compliance (aka tightness) of various ligaments and tendons affect joint ROM.

What is body composition?

The relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body (i.e., organs, body fluids, water, etc.)

What is the difference between men and women based on body composition?

Men has 9% more muscle but women has 9% more essential fat.

What is neuromotor fitness?

Formerly known as skill-related fitness “functional fitness” – Encompasses a variety of motor skills including locomotor, object manipulation, and stabilizing skills • e.g., balance, agility, and gait speed.

What is neuromotor fitness subcomponents?

Balance, agilitty, and gait speed.

Balance

Maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving.– Involves “static” and “dynamic” movement.

Agility

Ability to change body position in space with speed and accuracy– Capacity to start, stop, and change direction of the body quickly.

Gait speed

Time it takes a person to walk a specific distance

What is an exercise physiologist, and in what settings might they work and populations do they work with?

Assess, plan, and implement fitness programs that include exercise or physical activities designed to improve cardiorespiratory function, body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and/or flexibility.They may work at hospitals, clinics, recreation centers, fitness/wellness centers, health clubs, schools, and research laboratories and population are young to older adults, athletic, disease populations, and special populations

How is physical fitness related to morbidity and mortality risk

is a strong indicator of Morbidity(rate or incidence of a disease) and Mortality(quality or condition of being alive) *These indicators give an idea of relative risk.

According to ACSM-AHA recommendations, how many minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity should adults accumulate weekly? What about vigorous-intensity aerobic activity?

-150-300 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity

-75-150 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity

Why might self-reported physical activity surveys overestimate actual activity levels compared with accelerometer-based measurements…

psychological biases, cognitive recall errors, and structural differences in how data is collected and defined

What are the physical activity recommendations for preschool-aged children (3-5 years)?

Should participate in PA throughout the day to enhance growth and development-Active play should be encouraged that includes a variety of activity types.

What are the daily physical activity recommendations for children and adolescents (6-17 years)?

– 60 minutes of age-appropriate, enjoyable PA per day.

– At least 3 days per week

– Aerobic activities, bone-strengthening activities, and muscle-strengthening activities

What does regular PA do for older adults +65

Regular PA delays the loss of physical function associated with age, decreases pain, and improves health-related quality of life.

If older adults and those with chronic diseases or disabilities cannot do what is optimal with PA, what should they do?

If cannot do 150 minutes of PA per week due to chronic condition, should be as physically active as ability and conditions will allow.

What does PA do during and after pregnancy

decreases the risk of excessive weight gain, gestational diabetes, delivery of a large-for-gestational-age infant, and postpartum depression.

What is one of the four leading contributors to premature mortality?

Physical inactivity

Sedentary behavior is associated with what?

associated with deleterious health(bad health) consequences independent of PA levels

PA/Exercise have an inverse relationship with what?

Premature mortality, Functional health, CVD/CAD, Hypertension, cancers, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, stroke

What are the cardiovascular and respiratory function benefits of regular PA and exercise?

improvement in cardiovascular and respiratory(lowers HR,O2 max), reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factor, decrease morbidity and mortality(prevents disease), and other benefit(decrease depression, improve sleep).

What are the morbidity and mortality benefits of regular PA and exercise?

helps prevent cardiovascular disease and cardiac event, lower stroke, type 2 diabetes.

What are the cardiovascular risk factors benefits of regular PA and exercise

Lower resting rate blood pressure, improve HDL, reduce body fat, improve glucose.

What are other health and functional benefits of regular PA and exercise?

reduce anxiety/depression, improve cognitive, sleep, sport performance, and improve older people balance.

What are higher levels of muscular strength associated with?

– Better cardiometabolic risk factor profile

– Lower risk of all-cause mortality

– Fewer CVD events

– Lower risk of developing physical function limitations

– Lower risk for nonfatal disease

What is the most common exercise-related complication?

Musculoskeletal injury (MSI)

What is SCD and AMI associated with relating to exercise

vigorous-intensity exercise

Is exercise-related SCD(sudden cardiac death) among young athletes higher in males or females?

males

With cardiac events in adults, “risk” is influenced by what all?

unknown or diagnosed CVD, exercise intensity, age, and habitual physical activity

Are serious complications during exercise testing common or uncommon?

Serious complication during exercise testing are uncommon.

Risk rises during exercise testing with who?

with diagnosed or unknown CVD population.

What six things can help prevent exercise-related cardiac events?

Evaluate, recognize, screen, review history, prepare, modify.

Cardiovascular disease example

coronary artery disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease.

Metabolic disease example

type 1 disease and type 2 disease

Renal disease

chronic kidney disease and renal failure

Why are CMR diseases especially of concern relating to PA and if individuals with such condition are physically inactive?

Its higher risks of cardiac event, especially at vigorous intensity level.

What CV-related conditions should be noted?

-Common heart procedures(coronary angioplasty)

-Heart transplant

-Heart attack

Know the signs and symptoms suggestive of CMR diseases, notably the general characteristics.

Chest pain or related pain like arms, shortness of breath, dizziness or syncope, orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, ankle edema, palpitations or tachycardia, know heart murmur, intermittent claudication(pain in lower extremities due to blood supply).

What are modifiable CVD risk factors?

are lifestyle habits, health conditions, or exposures that can be changed or managed to lower CVD risk

-e.g., Physical activity level, smoking, waist circumference, blood pressure, etc.

what are non-modifiable CVD risk factor?

are biological or genetic characteristics that cannot be changed

-e.g., Age, biological sex, family history, etc.

What are reasons why it is important to identify and discus CVD risk factors with an exercise participant?

-Aware of their increased relative risk of developing CVD

-Making (or wanting to make) the appropriate “lifestyle change(s)” (i.e., dieting healthier, quitting smoking, etc.) to decrease their risk

-Setting (or wanting to set) ideal fitness goals with their exercise training

-Adhering to physician or other healthcare provider (e.g., clinical dietician, etc.) recommendations or prescribed treatment (i.e., medication usage, etc.)

What are the non-modifiable CVD risk factors, and criteria for both

-Age (Men ≥45) (Women ≥55)

-Family history (Father died before 55) (mother died before 65)-due to CVD

What are the modifiable CVD risk factors – behaviors, and criteria for both?

-cigarette smoke

-physical inactivity

What are the modifiable CVD risk factors – biometrics? Know the threshold criteria for all four.

BMI/circumference, Blood pressure, Lipids, Blood glucose.

BMI and Circumference threshold

-BMI ≥30

-(Men circumference >102cm) -(Women circumference >88cm)

Blood pressure Threshold

Systolic ≥130mmHg or Diastolic ≥80mmHg

Lipids Threshold

-(LDL ≥130) -(HDL men <40 and women <50) (Non-HDL <130) (total cholesterol ≥200)

Blood glucose Threshold

(Fasting ≥100) (HbA1c ≥5.7%) (OGTT ≥140mg/dL)

In general, why is preparticipation health screening important? What does it help ensure?

Identify and classify any concerns related to PA participation.Helps ensure safety during PA participation.

What are examples of “self-guided” screening methods?

-PAR-Q+

-ePARmed-X+

What are examples of “professionally supervised " screening methods?

-Health History Questionnaire (HHQ)

-Medical Examination and Clearance

The sequence of preparticipation health screening should be in what order?

1. Informed consent

2. Health history evaluation

3. CMR disease and S/S identification

4. CVD risk analysis

5. Medical clearance determination

6. Initial intensity and progression plan

What is an informed consent, what should it include, what is required, and what does it help with?

ensure that the participant is provided adequate knowledge of the relevant material risks, any alternative procedures that might satisfy certain objectives, and the benefits associated with activity participation.Person must be of legal age and fully understand. Must be sign by both party.

What is often used to establish health and medical risk?

Health History Questionnaire (HHQ)

What does preparticipation health screening identify and what is it intended to help with?

identifies those who are at risk for adverse exercise-related CV events and which individuals should be referred for medical clearance.

What does cardiac event refer to? Who is at highest risk? When are they at the highest risk?

refers to AMI or SCD. At its highest are those who have diagnosed or undiagnosed CVD, especially those who are not regularly exercising as well and perform vigorous-intensity exercise.

What is “physical inactivity”

Physical inactivity is doing less than 150minutes of moderate-intensity and 2x muscle-strengthening weekly.

what is not participating in “regular” exercise?

Any PA, is at moderate or low intensity level, ,less than 90 minutes, and avg all this for less than 3 months.

What should be noted to determine medical clearance prior to exercise participation?

– Current PA level

– Diagnosis of CMR diseases

– S/S of CMR diseases

Who does medical clearance for participants if needed?

Medical evaluation and clearance is by a PCP (Primary Care Provider)

With cardiac event risk in mind, for those NOT doing regular exercise: 1) Who needs to be medically cleared? 2) Who does not?

1)Client who has known CMR disease or sign

2)Client who does not have known CMR disease and sign

With cardiac event risk in mind, for those who are doing regular exercise: 1) Who needs to be medically cleared? 2) Who only needs to be cleared for vigorous intensity exercise? 3) Who does not need to be medically cleared at all.

1)Client with CMR disease and S/S

2)Client with known CMR and Asymptomatic(carries it but show no sign)

3)Client with no CMR disease and S/S

For those who are NOT doing regular exercise, what are the initial exercise intensity and progression recommendations for those: 1) Have no CMR and are asymptomatic? 2) Have a known CMR disease and are asymptomatic? 3) Are symptomatic?

1)light to moderate intensity, may gradually progress to vigorous

2)Following medical clearance, light to moderate intensity, may progress following ASCM

3)Following medical clearance, light to moderate intensity, may progress following ASCM

For those who are doing regular exercise, what are the initial exercise intensity and progression recommendations for those: 1) Have no CMR and are asymptomatic? 2)Have a known CMR disease and are asymptomatic? 3) Are symptomatic?

1)Continue moderate to vigorous intensity

2)Continue moderate but following medical clearance, may progress to vigorous

3)Continue moderate but following medical clearance, may progress to vigorous