EXAM 3 genetics we passing iktr

Genetic material requirements

Genetic material must meet the requirements of information, transmission, replication, and variation.

Phosphate Backbone

DNA and RNA have a net negative charge due to their phosphate backbone, which contains negatively charged phosphate groups.

Nucleotide

Nucleotides are the repeating structures of nucleic acids, composed of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Purines

The purines consist of adenine and guanine.

Pyrimidines

The pyrimidines consist of thymine (only in DNA), cytosine, and uracil (only in RNA).

Deoxyribose

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose.

Ribose

The pentose sugar in RNA is ribose.

Nucleoside

A nucleoside is a base attached only to a sugar, not including phosphates.

Phosphodiester linkage

A phosphodiester linkage connects the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar of another, forming the backbone of DNA and RNA.

Chargaff's rules

Chargaff's rules state that in DNA, the amount of adenine equals thymine, and the amount of guanine equals cytosine.

Antiparallel strands

DNA strands are oriented in opposite directions and are said to be antiparallel.

B DNA

B DNA is the predominant, right-handed form of DNA in living organisms.

RNA secondary structure

RNA can form various secondary structures, including bulge loops and stem-loops.

Transposable elements

Transposable elements (TEs) are genetic sequences that can move within the genome, classified into DNA transposons and retrotransposons.

Gene conversion

Gene conversion can result from DNA mismatch repair and gap repair synthesis, altering allele combinations.

Transcription

Transcription is the process of copying a DNA sequence into RNA, involving initiation, elongation, and termination.

Splicing

Splicing is the removal of introns from RNA and joining of exons to produce mature mRNA.

TATA box

The TATA box is a core component of eukaryotic promoters that facilitates the initiation of transcription.

Peptidyl transferase

The peptidyl transferase activity of the ribosome catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during translation.

AUG codon

AUG is the start codon in mRNA that indicates the beginning of protein synthesis.