World History - Unit 2 Assesment

Modern Middle East Study Guide - Test 1/19/23

Blood Libel\`

An accusation that Jewish people used the blood of Christians in religious rituals

Black Plauge

* A disease that engulfed Europe during the Middle Ages. It killed about one-third of the population.
* People blamed the Jews for causing/spreading it by infecting and poisining the wells

Pale of Settlement

* An area in Russia where Jews were designated to live.
* This lasted from 1791 until 1917 and reflected the anti-Semitism that was prevalent in Europe in the late 1800s.

Holocaust

The Nazi’s exterminating Jews under Hitler

Israel

State for the Jews (holy land)

Palestine

State for Arabs

Jerusalem

* Special international zone under UN governor
* Has religious significance for Abrahamic religions

Jews = The Western Wall

Christians = Mt. Calvary (Jesus’s crucifixon)

Muslims = Dome of the Rock (Muhammad ascended to heaven)

UN Resolution 181

1948 - UN approves plan to partition British Palestine into TWO separate states

* one for jews (israel) and one for arabs (palestine)

SAVAK

The Shah's secret police, who were known for torture and cruelty to anyone that talked about the Shah in a negative way

Yom Kippur War

* October 6, 1973 Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat
* Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack at Israel on Yom Kippur: holiest day of the Jewish year.
* US President Nixon supports Israel
* Israel Prime Minister Golda Meir orders counterattack

OPEC

Organizations of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

* Formed in Baghdad in 1960 by oil producing nations
* Purpose: regulate oil prices in interests w/ member nations

Oil Embargo

1973: Members of OPEC led by Saudi Arabia, proclaimed an oil embargo.

* The embargo was targeted at nations that had supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War. (AKA U.S)
* stopped oil trade to these countries and this hurts the US

American Response (to Oil embargo)

* United States experienced its first fuel shortage and first significant increase in gasoline prices since World War II.


* In response to the embargo, the U.S. government imposed fuel rationing and lowered speed limits to reduce consumption.

Attempts at Peace

1977 Anwar Sadat visited Israel (BIG DEAL)

* addressed the knesset (israels parliment)
* implied peaceful future

Camp David Accords

1979 - egypt recognizes israel

* peace treaty that ends ongoing conflict
* israel returns SIANI PENINSULA
* WEST BANK + GAZA granted limited self rule

Cold War

* A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union
* The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years

Iran - Language, Majority sect

* Language = Persian
* Majority Sect = Shia Islam

Secular

not religious >>> separated government and religion

Mohammad Mosaddeq

* 1951 - 1953: Iran's Prime Minister


* He angered the US and Great Britain because he nationalized the foreign oil companies in Iran --> Iran got more control and were able to use more of their own oil
* Mosaddeq wanted to nationalize because originally, the oil companies only gave Iran 16% of their profits
* ==His rule was ended by a coup d'état supported by the US and Great Britain (They FRAME him)==

Shah Pahlavi

Last shah of Imperial Iran. until his overthrow in the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. Owing to his status, he was usually known as the Shah.

* EMBRACES WESTERN GOVERNMENTS/OIL COMPANIES

Iranian Revolution

* The Shah's close relationship with the US was seen as corrupt


* He was overthrown in 1979 and replaced with Ayatollah Khomeini
* The Shah fled Iran on January 16th(ish) 1979


* 19 days later (Feb 1st, 1979) Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran and declared the Islamic Republic
* ==He established theocracy, instituted Sharia Law, banned Western Culture==

Iranian Hostage Crisis

* Nov. 4th 1979 - Jan 21st 1981 (444 days) - 52 hostages that stayed for all 444 days
* In the US Embassy in Tehran
* Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy and seized 66 hostages.
* President Reagan freed billion of Iranian assets ($$$) and in return, they freed the hostages
* They waited til Jimmy Carter was out of office

Ayatollah Khomeni

A scholar and Imam

* Wrote a book criticizing the Shah for his opulent lifestyle, being a modernizer, and being too close to the US and GB
* He saw the Shah's actions as the beginning of a campaign to destroy Islam in Iran


* 1964: The Shah exiled Khomeini from Iran, but he continued to criticize the Shah
* ==1979: Khomeini replaced the Shah when he fled Iran==
* ==Does not like Western World, wants to keep religion in government.==

Theocracy

A government run by religious leaders (NO seperation of government and religion)

Iran-Iraq War

In 1980 Saddam Hussein (Iraque leadeR) launched an invasion of Iran

* He did this to take advantage of the chaos in Iran
* Lasted for 8 years, 1 million dead

Fundamentalist Islam

* The only way back to God was to return to pure religion


* Fundamentalism was rising through the 60's,70's, and 80's
* Strict interpretation of the Koran; Sharia Law
* Jihad (wage war against those who insult Islam)

"near enemy" - impure Muslim society; secular

"distant enemy" - the west; secular; pro-israel

Afghanistan & Soviet invasion

* 1979: Soviets invade Afghanistan because they are struggling economically and need the resources. Afghanistan says NO
* Muslims come to defend them
* Muslims see it as holy war against Soviets (jihad) plus assistance from US
* guerilla war (petty/suprise attack warfare)
* 1989 Soviets Withdrawal: Holly warriors "defeated a superpower."
* This leaves Afghanistan to find a leader... the Taliban rises, which gives a base for Al Qaeda (Many Afghan citizens will flee)

Mujahedeen

The Muslim rebels and holy warriors that waged guerilla war against the Soviets

Taliban

* A terrorist group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996 after the Soviets invade
* Taliban rises, base for Al-Quaeda

Osama bin Laden

Founder of al Qaeda

Al Qaeda

* A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden
* Taliban allows cover for them to have a base in Afghanistan after the Soviets invade

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

* most notorious/widely distributed anti-sematic publication of modern times
* lies about jews and was intentionally written to blame the jews for variety of illnesses and a conspiracy that they wanted to “dominate the world”

Munich Olympics

* Black September (a terrorist group) holds many Israelis hostage during the Munich Olympics
* 8 members of Black September (Palestinian terrorist org.) kidnapped and held members of the Israeli Olympic team hostage)

Golda Meir

Israeli politician who helped found (1948) the State of Israel and later served as its fourth prime minister

Intifada

Uprisings (riots and violent attacks) of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip aimed at ending Israel's occupation of those territories and creating an independent Palestinian state.

Arafat

Palestinian political leader. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (under fatah)

* PLO calls for elimination of Israel
* Gave public services to refugees (support)

PLO

PLO = Palestinian Liberation Organization

* purpose of establishing Arab unity and statehood over the territory of former Mandatory Palestine
* this is in opposition to the State of Israel
* FATAH is an agressive party within the PLO
* Want the elimination of Israel

Refugees/Camps

* 6 days war causes many Palestinian refugees


* Palestinians in Jerusalem given choice of Israeli or Jordanian citizenship. They didn't want either, so most of them fled.
* Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, etc. did not want any Palestinians

Russian Pograms

* large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that began in the 19th century.
* massacred the jews
* 1/3 of Jews were killed, 1/3 of Jews were sent out, and 1/3 of Jews were forced to convert

Pale of Settlement

* Western region of Russian Empire w/ varying borders in which residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which was forbidden.

Six Day War

\n (1967) Israelis struck airfields in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria

* Over in 6 days, Israelis lose 800, Arabs lose 15,000
* The US was having trouble supporting Israel because they attacked first
* Israel gains control of Jerusalem, ==Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, West Bank==
* Creates Palestinian refugee problems

Palestine

Palestinians in Jerusalem given choice Israeli or Jordanian citizenship

Antisemitism/Lies abt Jews

* Diaspora (Jews = minority)


* Seen as people who rejected and crucified Jesus
* They were accused of poisoning rivers
* Black Death/ Plague (Jews = scapegoat)