stm 003 module 1-5

Physics

is the most fundamental of the sciences.

The word "physics" originates from Greek word: φυσική, or physikḗ , meaning "knowledge of nature"

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Measurement in physics

Is a process of computing the amount of unknown physical quantity by using standard known quantity

Standard known quantity

Also known as units of measurement

Accuracy

comes from the Latin word "scientia" that means having knowledge.

Precision

is the agreement among several measurements that have made in the same way or it is the closeness of measured values to each other.

Systematic error

This type of error is caused by faulty instruments or the incorrect handling of instruments or incorrect calibration of the measuring instrument.

Systematic error (also called systematic bias)

Random error

This type of error occurs when there are variations in the environment or measurement technique. This error may also cause due to errors in interpretations or human errors.

scalar quantity

a quantity that can be described by magnitude only and has no direction

Scalar quantity

Ex. 22cm, 30kg, 45kph

Vector quantity

Ex 33.0 km north, upward tension of 8.0N, weight ( since mass/ gravity and gravity is downward)

Why is gravity and weight a vector?

Its automatic signaling downward.

Matter

is simply defined as anything that occupies space (volume) and has mass (a measure of the amount of particles the matter contains).

Physical

without substantially changing a substance.

Chemical

requires a change in the composition of substance.

Physical properties

Observed and measured without changing chemical identity of sample.

Color, Length, Volume and Opacity

Chemical properties

Observed and measured as sample changes chemical identity.

Acidity, Reactivity, Flammability, Toxicity

Scalar

Quantities that can be associated with the magnitude only. For example, distance, temperature, mass, length.

Vector

Quantities that can be associated with both magnitude and direction. For example, displacement, force, acceleration.

Unit conversion

The process of changing a measure to an equivalent measure that has different units.

Scientific notation

a method of expressing a quantity as a number multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power

Mechanics

The study of motion and its cause.

Kinematics and Dynamics

Two branches of mechanics

Kinematics

describes motion in terms of displacements, velocity and acceleration.

Reference frame

the coordinate system from which the position of object are described.

Rectilinear and curvilinear motion

Two types of motion

Rectilinear motion

motion along a straight line

Uniform motion, accelerated motion, uniformly accelerated motion

Types of rectilinear motion

Velocity, speed

What are stuff categorized in uniform motion?

Acceleration

What categorizes in accelerated motion

Horizontal dimension and Vertical Dimension

What categorizes in Uniformly accelerated motion

Constant acceleration

Objects in uniformly accelerated motion move in _

Curvilinear motion

motion along a curved line

Motion in 2 dimensions

Kinematics

Related the force and motion

Displacements

-refers to the change of position of an object.

-It is described by its magnitude and direction.

-The SI unit of displacement is meter(m).

Distance

defined to be magnitude or size of displacements between two positions.

Is defined to be the magnitude or size of displacement between two positions.

Speed

A description of how fast or slow an object move.

Rate at which an object changes its location. Like distance, speed is scalar because it has a magnitude but not a direction.

Velocity

Vector version of speed.

It describes the speed and direction of an object.

Average velocity

is a displacement divided by time of travel.

Average speed

is scalar that always positive.

Instantaneous velocity

is the velocity at a specific instant of time or specific point along the path.

Average acceleration

Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.

SI unit of acceleration is meter per second squared (m/s^2)

Instantaneous acceleration

the acceleration at a specific instant of time.

Right handed

• is the convention that you can obtain the relative orientation of the three axes using your right hand.

Projectile motion

is the curved motion of an object thrown or projected into the air.

Combination of both motions (horizontal motion and constant velocity) + (vertical motion + constant acceleration)

Horizontal motion

motion at constant velocity.

Vertical motion

motion like freely falling object with constant acceleration

Vector Representation

Expressing vectors in terms of basis vectors.

Horizontal and Vertical Component

Vector Representation

Motions in 2D

XYZ coordinates

Makes 3d motion that introduces a third axis (right-left, up-down, forward-backward)

Complex Trajectories

Motion in 3d is more complex than 2d. Has curved paths,helical trajectories and orbits.

XYZ coordinates

Complex Trajectories

Spatial Awareness

Motions in 3D

projectile

any object that is released with some initial velocity and moves only under the influence of gravitational acceleration.

projectile motion

neglects air resistance and wind speed,spin of the projectile, and other effects influencing the flight of real-life projectiles.

Trajectory

-Projectiles trace this curvilinear path

-is completely determined by three input constant. These constants are…

a. the initial height of the release of the projectile, y0

b. x- components of the initial velocity vector

c. y- components of the initial velocity vector

Time of flight

The time taken for an object to complete its motion

Range

Its the horizontal displacement covered by the projectile

45 degrees

The angle to attain the maximum range of projectile

Height

Its the vertical displacement of the projectile

0

At maximum height, the velocity of projectile is_

Half projectile motion

Full projectile motion

Types of Projectile motion

Half projectile notion

Also known as horizontally launched projectile

Full projectile motion

Also known as Projectile launch at an angle from the horizontal

Circular motion

is another sample type of motion. An object that moves in a circle at constant speed v is said to be experiencing a uniform circular motion.

Angular Displacement

is defined the angle in radians (degrees, revolutions) through which a point or line has been rotated in a specified sense about a specified axis". It is the angle of the movement of a body in a circular path.

Angular velocity

can be considered to be a vector quantity, with direction along the axis of rotation in the right-hand rule sense.

Angular acceleration

is defined as the time rate of change of angular velocity. It is usually expressed in radians per second squared.

Magnitude of centripetal force

The magnitude of the centripetal force required to keep an object in a circular path depends on the inertia, or mass(m) of the object and acceleration(a) of the object. In symbols Fc=ma

A free body diagram(

is a diagram showing the chosen body by itself, "free" of its surroundings with vectors drawn to show the magnitude and direction of all forces applied to the body by its various other bodies that interact with it.

Work

In Physics, work means more than something that requires physical or mental effort

Energy

is a word that tends to be used in everyday life. Though it is often used quite loosely, it does have a very specific physical meaning. It is closely related to the concept of work.

Gravitational potential (GPE)

a potential energy stored

in an object due to its location from the reference level

Internal potential energy

is an energy that is available, but not actually being used at the moment, such chemical energy that is capable of being released in combustion

Elastic potential energy (EPE)

is an energy that is stored due to deformation by an elastic object, for example, stretching a spring

Kinetic energy (KE)

Moving objects have the ability to do work on other objects because of their motion.

Mechanical energy

is the energy present in an object that is due to object's motion or position. It is equal to the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.

Momentum

is a sector quantity signifying the product of an object's mass and its velocity The direction of momentum is the same as that of its velocity