FNR 331 Final Exam

move out onto the savanna and perpetuate it during migration

The use of fire allowed early man to

Come back to this

Come back to this

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

The _______ allowed presidents to set aside forestland, but was amended to stop President TDR from setting aside more public land.

Antiquities Act of 1906; 18

The ______ was designed to protect historic and paleontological sites from looting. President TDR used it to set aside ___ national monuments.

Rangers under the wing of Gifford Pinchot who worked underpaid (or unpaid) for the new National Forest System

Who were Teddy's Green Rangers or Little GP's?

The Big Burn of 1910

-three million acres burned in NE Washington, N Idaho, and W Montana over two days

-killed 87 people

What was the largest fire recorded in US history?

suppression

The Big Burn led to a shift to what fire paradigm?

-acquisition of land at the head of navigable streams as national forests
-cooperative agreements and matching funds between the USFS and state foresters to provide fire protection on similar lands

What did the Weeks Act (1911) allow for?

-authorized purchase of lands needed for the production of timber
-agreements with the states for the protection of state-owned and private lands against fire
-assured the cooperative relationships between federal and nonfederal programs formalized by the Weeks Law would be retained

What did the Clarke-McNary Act (1924) do?

steam donkeys -> steam-driven hoist used in logging, mining, and maritime use that threw sparks

What were the main causes of anthropogenic fire?

False

True or false: spruce-fur forests are tolerant and adapted to fire

Southerns commonly used fire to manage the landscape (I.e., "You got the money, but we got the time. You cut the hardwoods, and we'll burn the pine")

What was the attitude towards fire in the south?

public education with the intention of making traditional fire practices unacceptable

Early fire prevention efforts were focused on:

-500,000 young men working for fire suppression efforts
-provided the workforce of active fire suppression
-fought fire, built fire towers and roads

What was the Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC), and what did they do?

World War II
-huge increase in industrial output required by the war effort made lumber and wood products an even more important commodity

What intensified how wildland fire was viewed? Why?

dry; wet

Fire intensity regimes are dependent on how ___ and ____ an area is.

more often; favor ignition; low intensity fires

Warm dry areas burn ____ because conditions frequently ___. What type of fire does this lead to?

less often; ignition; buildup of fuels leads to high severity and high intensity fires.

Cool mesic areas burn ____, but when condition are right for ____, what happens?

Oak woodlands, ponderosa pine, mixed conifer, most Eastern examples

Give examples of low intensity regimes.

Yellowstone fires; subalpine forests

Give example of high intensity fire regime.

No; 30 years of suppression probably did not have a dramatic effect on its multi-century fire return interval

Where the Yellowstone Fires a product of fire suppression?

organisms that are not native to a particular geographic area

What are non-native species?

True

True or false: Some species expand their ranges into new area 'naturally' and are NOT considered non-native

result of anthropogenic changes to the landscape

Why do some species move into new areas?

"an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic, environmental, or human health harm"

-harm is a human value judgment that is sometimes difficult to quantify and can be a point of contention with invasive species

What is an invasive species?

-Sea lamprey
-Garlic mustard (1868):
-Gypsy moth (1868):
-Chestnut blight (1905):
-Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (1924):
-Emerald Ash Borer (2002)
-Amur honeysuckle (1897)

Give some examples of invasive species:

on purpose; on accident

Typically, invasive plants are introduced ____ while insects are introduced ____.

Amur honeysuckle

Nield E. Hansen brought back ____ in what year?

1) short generation time
2) high growth rates
3) rapid dispersal mechanisms with numerous prpagules
4) strong competitors
5) able to tolerate a broad range of environmental conditions

What makes a good invader?

1) enemy release
2) evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA)
3) possession of 'novel weapons'
4) pre-adaptation/innate weediness

What makes invasive species different from native species?

For every 1000 species you introduce, only 10% establish (100), 10% naturalize (10), and 10% become invasive (1)

Describe the ten's rule.

introduced habitat is suitable and species is able to reproduce

What does establishment mean?

introduced species is able to disperse

What does naturalize mean?

Enemy release (come back)

come back

Give examples of species that became invasive via enemy release.

-because of a lack of native herbivores, introduced plants reallocate resources from defense to growth and development mechanisms

-evolve to grow taller, produce more biomass, and yield more viable offspring than their native counterparts

Describe how the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis works:

Lag period

______ typically occurs between when an invasive species is introduced and when it becomes invasive

more aggressive

Invasive plants appear to be ______ in their introduced ranged compared to their native range

1) Time is needed for adaptive evolution
2) Intentional and multiple introductions create satellite populations and promote genetic diversity of the invasive speciees
3) For some species, time is needed to build up enough sexually mature individuals to expand the population (local scale)

Why is there lag?

1 = establishment phase
2 = expansion phase
3 = saturation phase

Label 1, 2, and 3 on the invasion curve.

adaptive evolution; genetic

_____ is required to overcome ____ constraints to successful invasion.

Multiple introduction

-gypsy moth thought to originate from a single invasion, but actually E. maimaiga introduction in 1911 pushed back the invasion front until mid-late 1990s

____ may be required for species that are not genetically diverse to reintroduce. Give an example.

novel weapon (I.e., trait) giving advantage over native plants

-allelopathic -> Tree of Heaven and garlic mustard
-spotted knapweed -> produced more chemicals in introduced range compared to native range that suppresses competitors

What are novel weapons? Give examples.

-longer growing season
-holds onto leaves longer

Give examples of pre-adaption/innate weediness traits that allow some species to become invasive.

-plants evolved during Pleistocene Glaciation are used to climates caused by glaciation -> holds onto chlorophyll makes them pre-adapted to succeed

Why do some species have pre-adaption/innate weediness?

Oriental bittersweet hybridizing with American bittersweet. -> they cross and American bittersweet is rare

Describe some dangers of relatedness.

rare species replaced by hybrids

What is genetic swamping?

wasteful production of maladaptive hybrids

What is demographic swamping?

1) time of year/season of burn
2) ecosystem type
3) intensity of the fire (heat generated/area/time)
4) fire frequency
5) fire type (crown vs surface vs ground)

Actual effects of fire are variable and depend upon:

-greater effect on vegetation
-plants are biologically active

Growing season burns have what type of effect? Why?

more intense

Late growing season (summer) burns favor what type of fires?

-fuel loading
-fuel type
-environmental conditions

Fire intensity varies with:

flame length

____ is an indicator of fire intensity.

-the impacts of fire on vegetation and the physical site
-measured by changes in density, reduction in duff, char severity, mortality, etc.

What is fire severity? How is it measured?

community type

Fire frequency varies with ____.

Fuel condition; local climate

_____ and ____ determine how frequently a particular ecosystem will burn.

inversely

Frequency is _____ related to intensity/severity.

-Annual burns: herbaceous layer diverse w/ mixture of grasses and forbs and w/o woody reproduction layer

-5 year burns: resprouts presents but dead because fires came through during vulnerable stage; recruitment occurs because fire does not burn evenly

-No fire: ingrowth of shade tolerant shrub and tree species

Describe the difference in vegetation effects of annual, 5-year, and suppression fire frequencies.

mosaic

Fire burns unevenly which creates a ____.

leaf litter (leaves duff and humus)

Most burns in Central Hardwood forests only remove the ____.

intensely; quickly

Prairie burns ____ relative to local forests, but the fire moves ____.

much more severe; growing season

Burns in pine forests can be _____, especially if they occur during the _____.

1) surface -> leaf litter and small stems
2) ground fires -> fire burns into the ground
3) crown fires

What are the types of fire?

drier organic soils; low; high (rhizomes, roots, herbs)

Ground fires occur with more _____ soils. They are ____ intensity and ____ severity.

1) Passive -> individual crows igniting (can occur during ground and surface fires (I.e., candling)

2) Active -> fire spreads through crown (surface, ground, and crown advancing together)

3) Independent -> fire in canopy and environmental conditions allow the fire to spread independently into the crown

What are the types of crown fires?

1) Rapid decomposer of organic matter

-release of nutrients

-increase soil pH

-CO2 released into air

2) Change in forest structure and composition

What are the two major effects of fire?

changing forest structure; greater

Most objectives of prescribed fire relate to ______, with repeated burning having ____ effect on composition.

1) overstory mortality
2) understory mortality
3) litter and duff reduction

Fire causes what types of structural changes?

-hardwoods gone
-table mountain pine stand regenerating
-opened overstory and reduced understory litter/duff

What effects did the Chimney 2 Fire have?

flush of nutrient; herbaceous-layer

Surface fires in hardwood forests create a ____ that can flush growth in _____ vegetation.

dormant seasons (spring and fall)

While some herbaceous species reinvade slowly after fires (slow dispersal via ants), forest herbs readily survive surface fires that occur during ____.

True

True or false: smoke from fires can have a natural anti fungal effect

fire against the prevailing wind direction

What is a backing fire?

-easiest and safest
-produces minimum scorch
-time consuming
-requires a steady wind and low fuel moisture (<20%)

What are backing fires used for?

baseline secured with a backing fire, then wind blows through fire

What is a strip head fire?

-good method for hardwood standard
-relatively quick
-can be used in relatively high humidity (50-60%) and fuel moisture (20-25%)
-potential for top scorch

Why are strip head fires used?

-ping pong balls filled with napalm are dropped from helicopters
-topography and non-fire prone vegetation types are used as fire breaks
-back fires used to secure fire lines along trails and roads

How do landscape-level fires work?

true mosaic

Landscape-level burns create a _____ of burn severities.

the antagonism resulting from the production of secondary chemicals from one microorganism that adversely impacts another microorganism
(I.e., production of penicillin by fungus inhibits growth of bacteria nearby)

What is antibiosis?

antibiosis between plants: production of chemicals that inhibit the germination, growth, or occurrence of other plant species

What is allelopathy?

1) Juglone produced by black walnuts: inhibits germination and growth of other plant species
2) Allyl isothiocyanate produced by garlic mustard: inhibits growth of other plant species

Give examples of allelopathy.

two species attempt to use the same resource that has limited supplies

Interspecific competition occurs when

a resource meets or exceeds the demand level

Competition does not occur when ______.

two species interfere with each other's use of it

Competition can also occur if the resource is not short in supply, but _____.

two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist

What is the competition exclusion principle?

the ecological niche concept

What did the competition exclusion principle help develop?

alters the relationship between species within a community

What role does disturbance play in community ecology?

the process of ecological succession

Disturbance relationships are integral to what?

focused on closed, self-regulating systems

-factors that allow population to persist and coexist in stable communities

Describe the equilibrium paradigm.

early ecologists
-concepts of stability and equilibrium embedded in the view that populations, communities, and ecosystems are self-regulating systems kept in stable equilibrium when left alone

The equilibrium paradigm represents the view of ____.

1) steady-state
2) stability
3) homeostasis
4) climax hypothesis -> Clement's
5) predicability

What are some concepts derived from the equilibrium paradigm?

Populations, communities, and ecosystems may be far from equilibrium because of variable frequencies of disturbance and climatic fluctuations

Describe the non-equilibrium paradigm.

-colonization
-extinction rates of species
-time since disturbance

In the non-equilibrium paradigm, the main forces determining community members are ___, ____, and ____, not species interactions.

universal and general theories are highly predictable and stable

Why do we want universal and general theories in ecology?

local; known

The equilibrium paradigm represents ___ change with a backdrop of the ___.

global; unknown

The non-equilibrium paradigm represents ____ change heading towards the ____.

-natural systems in equilibrium
-local disturbances drive change

Ecological world in textbooks:

-new global drivers of change
-rapid pace of change

Ecological world today:

species abundances remaining constant

Disturbance is the main factors that prevents:

1) Monoclimax
2) Polyclimax
3) Climax pattern hypothesis

What are the three classic theories of succession?