ch.11: infancy, childhood, adolescence nutrition

infancy is

the first year of life

an infants birth weight should

double by 4-6 months of age

triple by 1 year

the newborn is

first 28 days after birth

postpartum weight loss for infant

5-7%

returns within 14 days

period most critical to brain development

from conception- 2nd year of life

infant psychosocial developmental task

trust

a child may receive a diagnosis of FTT when

when their arc of growth slips by two major percentiles

when their growth falls below the 3rd or 5th percentile

when their weight falls below 5th percentile mutiple times

most common etiology of FTT

inadequate caloric intake

FTT can be related to

poor suckling and swallowing

difficulty transitioning to solids

insufficient breast milk or formula

excessive juice consumption

caloric absorption problems

normal metabolic rates of infants are

high

an activity such as crying may

double the infant’s energy expenditure

energy needs for the first 6months of life

109 kilocalories per kg of body weight per day

energy needs from 6-12 months of age

98 kilocalories per kg per day

infant gastro characteristics that affect nutrition

Salivary and pancreatic amylases are inadequate to digest complex carbohydrates for several months

how to adjust the gastro infant problem in feeding

delay offering complex carbs

infant nervous characteristics that affect nutrition

Suckles with up-and-down motion of the tongue for 3 to 4 months

infant urinary characteristics that affect nutrition

young infants kidneys gave limited capacity to filter solutes

delay semisolid foods until

2 months

preferable 4-6 months

why is honey dangerous to infants

it contains botulism spores acquired from plants or the soil

breast milk contain these fatty acids

arachdonic and docosahexaenoic

why are breastfed infants prescribed vitamin d

most breastfed infants are unable to synthesize vitamin d from sunlight sources

vitamin k is prescribed to

all infants

vitamin c has

adequate amounts in breast milk and formula

vitamin b12 is prescribed for

breast fed infant if mother is strict vegetarian

calcium is prescribed to

premature infants

phosphorus is prescribed to

premature infants

iron is prescribed to

Exclusively or partially breastfed infants after 4 months of age until iron-containing solids are introduced around age 6 months

Premature infants

fluoride is prescribed to

all children older than 6 months

children older than 3 years

infants are at a higher risk for hemorrhagic disease because

of lack of vitamin k transfer across the placenta and low levels in breast milk

compared to cow’s milk, breast milk contains

1/3 the sodium, potassium, and chloride

1/8 the phosphorus, an amount that accomodates the limited function of the infant’s kidneys

the daily turnover of water in the infant

15% of body weight

breastfeeding decreases the rates of

otitis media

lower resp tract infections

asthma

childhood obesity

diarrhea and vomiting

necrotizing enterocolitis

SIDS

type 1 diabetes

the AAP recommends

exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life

CDC recommends storage of breast milk at room temp for

no more than 4 hours

CDC recommends storage of breast milk in a cooler for

no more than 24 hours

CDC recommends storage of breast milk in fridge for

no more than 4 days

infection fighting agents in breastmilk

IgA or WBCs

the infants gastro tract can

permit the passage of whole proteins into the bloodstream

hydrolysis

splits whole proteins into smaller particles that are less likely to cause allergic reactions

atopy

a genetic predisposition or inherited tendency to develop allergic diseases

colostrum is secreted

1-7 days after delivery

transitional breast milk is secreted

8-20 days after delivery

mature breast milk is secreted

30 days after delivery

colostrum components

antibodies

WBCs

fat soluble vitamins

minerals

transitional breast milk components

higher fat

higher lactose

increased volume

mature breast milk components

high lactose

high protein

high vitamin e

antibodies

antioxidants

foremilk

hindmilk

fewer immunoglobulins

breast fed infants _ more slowly than formula fed

gain weight

liquid concentrate formula advantages

relatively easy to prepare

liquid concentrate formula disadvantages

open cans require refrigeration

must be used within 48 hours

powder formula advantages

less waste

possible to prepare a small amount

powder formula disadvantages

unsterile powder may be unsafe for premature infants

ready to feed formula advantages

most convenient

no calculating or measuring

ready to feed formula disadvantages

most expensive

daily formula intake

1.5-2 oz per pound of body weight

a single feeding should not exceed

8 oz

low birth weight

less than 5.5 lb

very low birth weight

lower than 3.3 lb

extremely low birth weight

less than 2.2 lb

compared with term mother’s milk, preterm milk has more

protein, sodium, and host defense factors

compared with term mother’s milk, preterm milk has less

calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium

necrotizing enterocolitis

injury to the bowel

results in inflammation and bacterial colonization

risk factors of NEC

preterm

LBW

enteral feeding

what may happen if solid foods are introduced too early

infant may develop allergies due to intestine permeability

waiting too long to introduce solids may result in

delay in manipulating the tongue and mouth

suggested food 0-6 months

breast milk or formula s

suggested food 6 months

infant cereal mixed with formula, strained veggies

suggested food 6-7 months

strained fruits

suggested food 6-8 months

finger foods (bananas, crackers)

suggested food 7-8 months

strained meats

suggested food 10 months

strained or mashed egg yolk

suggested food 10 months

bite sized cooked foods

suggested food 12 months

food from adult table

common nutritional problems in infancy

regurgitation of milk

constipation

burns to mouth

nursing-bottle syndrome

why do developed countries have more allergies

the fewer the germs, the more time the immune system has to process and react to allergens

most common food allergies

milk

egg

peanut

tree nut

fish

crustacean shellfish

soy

wheat

most common allergenic foods in children

eggs

milk

peanuts

soybeans

wheat

children typically outgrow these allergies

eggs

milk

soy

wheat

children typically do NOT outgrow these allergies

peanuts

tree nuts

fish

shellfish

the signs and symptoms of food allergies may appear as long as

5 days after exposure

individuals allergic to latex are likely to be allergic to

avocado

banana

chestnut

kiwi

tomato

at age 2, fat intake should gradually be reduced to

30-40% of intake

the classic definition of colic

crying

3 hours a day

3 days per week

for 3 weeks

colic

spasms of colon muscles

possible causes of colic

food protein hypersensitivity

overfeeding

underfeeding

infrequent burping

digestive system isnt fully developed

colic treatments that sometimes help

holding baby upright

burping

offering dairy-free formulas

swaddling

carrying the infant

rocking

soft repetitive sounds

80-90% of infants with colic have diminished symptoms by

3 months

transitioning to low fat or fat free milk is recommended at age

2

psychosocial task to be mastered by preschooler

initiative

from 3-6 year, child gain _ pounds a year

4-5

by age 5, birth length will have

doubled

adequacy of growth should be assessed every

6-12 months

good nutrient dense low fat food choices

cottage cheese

low fat yogurt

fresh fruit

raw veggies

low fat milk

how many tries are necessary for young child developing taste for new food

8-10

child and adult care food program guideline

fruit juice must be pausterized full strength and only offered once daily

child and adult care food program guideline

breakfast cereal must contain no more than 6 grams of sugar per ounce

child and adult care food program guideline

yogurt can contain no more than 23 grams of sugar per 6 ounces

child and adult care food program guideline

milk must be unflavored low fat or unflavored fat free milk for children 2 to 5 years of age

psychosocial development of 6-12 years

industry

average yearly growth during the school years

7 pounds

2.5 inches

excercise can help the school age child growth because

stimulates osteoblasts

expends energy to control weight