bio A unit 4 vocab

Calorie

Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Glycolysis

First set of reactions in cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Electron carrier involved in glycolysis

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Krebs cycle

Second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Electron transport chain

Series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

Mitochondria

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into the compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

Artery

Large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body

Ventricle

Lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart to the rest of the body

Plasma

Straw-colored fluid that makes up about 55% of blood

Atrium

Upper chamber of the heart that receives blood

Homeostasis

Relatively constant internal psychical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

Neuron

Nerve cell; specialized for carrying messages throughout the nervous system

Lymph

Fluid lost by the blood into surrounding tissue

Systemic circulation

Pathway of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body except the lungs

Pulmonary circulation

Pathway of circulation between the heart and the lungs

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing