Bio cells and microscopes

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92 Terms

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Microscope 

An instrument that makes small objects look larger 

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1665, Robert Hooke

Observed a thin slice of cork (plant material) and called them cells

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Leeuwenhoek

Observed living organisms in pound water

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Schleidan, 1838

Concluded plants to have cells

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Schwann, 1839

Concluded animals are made of cells 

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1855, Virchow

Concluded that new cells can only from pre-existing cells

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cell theory

Cells are basic units of life, all organisms are made of one or more cells, all cells come from other cells by reproduction

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Prokaryotes

Have no nucleus

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Prokaryotes are

smaller and simpler than eukaryotes

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Prokaryotes, eukaryotes

Cells that gave genetic material (DNA)

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Example of Prokaryotes 

Bacteria, virus (not living)

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Eukaryotes

Cells that do contain nucleus

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Eukaryotes examples

Fungi, plants, animals, protist

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Cells are surrounded by cell membrane and contain DNA

All

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Function of nucleus

make ribosomes

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Where are ribosomes

On rough endoplasmic reticulum, free in cell

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Function of ribosomes

make proteins

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What does cell wall do

provides structural support

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The endoplasmic reticulum

Makes lipids, highway

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Cell membrane 

Controls what goes in and out 

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Golgi body

Packages lipids and proteins

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Chloroplast

Performs photosynthesis

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Mitochondrion

provides energy ATP

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Nuclear membrane

enevlope

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Nucleus

Stores DNA, Brain of cell

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Lysosomes (animals have many plants dont)

Breaks down food 

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Final-initial

Formula to determine change in mass

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(final-initial/initial) 100

formula to determine % change

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Cell membrane

regulates what enters and leaves and also provides protection and support

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2 lipid bilayer

Cell membrane consists of ___ layers called _______

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Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic

Head of lipid is _____, tail is _____

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Called mosaic because 

Many different kids of ,molecules that make it up

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Cell wall

Present in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes

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Cell wall is

Located outside the cell membrane; Main function is to provide support and protection of the cell 

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Phospholipids

Double layer

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Hydrophilic

Head

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Hydrophobic

Tail (moves> fluid)

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cholesterol

Helps keep the membrane fluid, located in between 

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Carbohydrate

cell recognition, cell signaling, cell adhesion

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Glycolipid

Carbohydrate attached to a lipid

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Glycoprotein

Carbohydrate attached to a protein

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Integral proteins

Transport proteins, enzymes, call recognition

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Peripheral proteins 

anchored cytoskeleton filaments 

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Plant cell

Which cell has plant cells

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one large, several small

Plant cells have __ ___ vacuole, animal cells have__ ___ ones

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animals cells

which cells have centrioles

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plant cells

Which cells have outer cell wall?

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Many few

Animal cells have___ lysosomes: plants have ___

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Rectangular

Plants cells are ______ (shape)

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Circular or irregular

animals cells are ____ __ _____ (Shape)

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Water and grass

can move freely (Small)

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Proteins and carbohydrates

cannot move freely (large)

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Food, wastes, cell membrane

Cells must exchange ___ and ___ with its environment, most cross ___ ____

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Semi permeable 

Cell membrane is___-____ (only allows certain molecules to pass through easily) 

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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Faster, smaller, larger

Diffusion occurs ___ at high temps, ___ molecules move faster than ___ones

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Passive

Diffusion is ____ transport

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Concentration Gradient

The distribution of particles across space from high to low concentration

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Osmosis, even

_____ is the diffsion of water through a semi-permeable membrane (large); everything wants to be ____ 

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Hypertonic solution, above 

_____ ____ is the solution with the greater concentration of solutes, means “_____ strength”

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Cell

Hypertonic solution has higher solute concentration than the ____

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Out shrivel (get smaller)

When SOLUTUON hypertonic, the water will be pulled ___ of cell ad cell will _____

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Hypotonic solution, below

_____ ____ is the solution with the lower concentration of solutes; means “______ strength”

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Lower, cell

Hypotonic solution has a ____ solute concentration than the ____

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Into, swell (get larger)

when SOLUTUION is hypotonic, water will go ___cell, cell will___

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Isotonic Solution

Concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the _____

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Same rate

During isotonic solution water moves in and out of cell ___ ___

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Facilitated diffusion, passive

_____ ______ is the movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channel;_____ transport 

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Active transport, ATP

_____ ___ is using energy to move across cell membrane against a concentration difference

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Low, high

Active transport is ___ to ___ concentration

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Big, Ions

Active transport is needed for___ particles or ___ (charged particles)

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Protein pump

In active transport, smaller molecules move with a ___ ___

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Bulk transport

The movement of macromolecules such as proteins or polysaccharides into or ____

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Endocytosis, exocytosis, active

Two types of bulk transport are ____ and ___ (bulk transport is ___ Transport)

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Small, proteins, pumps

____ molecules are carried across membrane by ____ the act as ___

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endocytosis

cell membrane fold into a pouch (vesicle) and encloses the particle

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Pinocytosis, phagocytosis

Two types of endocytosis

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Pinocytosis 

______ cytosis-ingesting liquids 

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Phagocytosis 

_____cytosis-ingesting solids

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Exocytosis 

Wastes and cell products leave cell (opposite of endo)

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osmosis

hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic are form sof what passive transport

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Phospholipids are molecules that hvae

One polar phosphate head and two nonpolar fatty acid

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Nucleus

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Mitochondria

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Ribosomes 

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Cell membrane

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum 

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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nucleolus

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Golgi appartus 

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Cytoplasm 

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centrioles

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