Psychological Perspective of Self – Major Schools of Thought and Self-Concept

A set of practice flashcards covering major schools of thought in psychology and self-concept, including structuralism, functionalism, gestalt, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, cognitivism, and key figures (Wundt, Titchener, Freud, James, Rogers, Maslow).

Who are considered the pioneers of Structuralism?

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.

What technique did Structuralists use to analyze the inner processes of the mind?

Introspection.

Which school of thought is regarded as the first in psychology?

Structuralism.

Which cognitive processes are listed as key mental processes on the notes?

Perception, attention, imagination/visualization, and memory.

What is Functionalism focused on in psychology?

The function or purpose of mental processes.

Functionalism was founded as a reaction to which school of thought?

Structuralism.

What contrast does Functionalism emphasize in its view of mental processes?

Pain vs pleasure.

What is a core claim of Gestalt psychology regarding experiences?

Experiences are unified wholes; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Which school emphasizes that 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts'?

Gestalt.

In Gestalt notes, what does the 'FACE = BODY' example illustrate about perception?

Perception is holistic; we tend to see the whole form rather than isolated parts.

What is the primary focus of Behaviorism?

Observable behavior and the influence of the environment on it.

According to Behaviorism, which influences behavior more: the environment or internal forces?

The environment.

What classroom techniques are highlighted in Behaviorism?

Positive and negative reinforcement.

How is Behaviorism applied outside classrooms according to the notes?

Pet (dog/cat) training.

Who founded Psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud.

What does Psychoanalysis emphasize about the mind?

The influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

According to the notes, what is a cause of anxiety in Psychoanalysis?

Traumatic experiences.

What is the focus of Humanism?

Individual free will, personal growth, and self-actualization.

Humanism emerged as a reaction to which approaches?

Psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

Name two prominent figures in Humanism.

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

What humanistic expressions are given as examples in the notes?

'Looking for yourself' or 'fulfilling your desire'.

What does Cognitivism study?

Mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, remembering, and learning.

Cognitivism is a response to which school of thought?

Behaviorism.

What does self-concept refer to?

An overarching idea about who you are (physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and other aspects).

How does self-concept change over time?

It grows and changes throughout the lifespan.

Which adjectives are provided as examples of self-descriptive words?

Beautiful, handsome, demure, cute, and classy.

Who is considered the father of the psychological study of the self-concept?

William James.

What are the two aspects of the self according to William James?

The 'I' (thinking, acting, and feeling self) and the 'Me' (physical characteristics).

What are the three components of self-concept according to Carl Rogers?

Self-worth, self-image, and ideal self.

What are the two primary sources that influence self-concept according to Carl Rogers?

Childhood experiences and evaluation by others.

What are Carl Rogers' two basic child needs?

Positive regard from others and self-worth.

What are the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy from bottom to top?

Physiological needs, Safety needs, Love and belonging, Esteem needs, Self-Actualization.

What is at the base of Maslow's hierarchy?

Physiological needs (food, water, breathing, homeostasis, reproduction).

What is Self-Actualization in Maslow's hierarchy?

The desire to accomplish everything one can, to become the most that one can be.

What are Safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

Protection, stability and well-being, health and financial security.

What are Love and Belonging needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

Friendships, family, social groups, community, intimacy.

What are Esteem needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

Self-confidence and independence, respect and acknowledgment from others.