HIST 1302-Unit 2 Exam Study Guide

Imperialism

the economic and political domination of a stronger nation over a weaker nation

Monroe Doctrine

Passed in 1823, US tells Europe to stay out of the Western hemisphere.

Yellow journalism

exaggerated /sensational writing that tells very little truth and is designed to make money and persuade public opinion

What did yellow journalism encourage Congress to do?

Declare War against Spain because the journalists said that Spain caused the USS Maine to explode

Chinese Exclusion Act

passed in 1882, was the first law to restrict immigration based on ethnicity and limited Chinese in America in the early 1900's

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's policy that the US will intervene in the affairs of Latin American Nations

Josiah Strong

Believed that it was the responsibility of white Americans to Christianize other people around the world. He also linked anglo-saxonism with Christian missionary ideas

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Platt Amendment

America claimed the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. Makes Cuba an American protectorate.

Effects of the Spanish-American War

Treaty of Paris (1898)- US becomes a world power, US acquires colonies (Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines), (Cuba becomes an American protectorate). New territory provided raw materials and markets for American goods

Treaty of Paris 1898

USS Maine

sent to Cuba by President McKinley to evacuate Americans because things in Cuba were getting ugly in 1898

Roosevelt Corollary

Main goal was to keep Europe out of Latin America. Made the US the police force in Latin America

Causes of the Spanish-American War

yellow journalism, De Lome letter, sinking of the USS Maine, protecting economic interests (sugar in Cuba)

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's policy of furthering American interests in Latin America by using the financial power of American business. Troops were sent into Latin American countries if debts were unpaid.

Alfred T. Mahan

Leading imperialist who urged Americans to increase their navy; supported building a canal in Panama

Sanford B. Dole

Helped to overthrow Queen Liliuokalani and served as President and Governor of Hawaii

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Boxer Rebellion

Caused by the issue of foreign trading rights. This was a violent uprising in China, where the Boxers violently tried to drive out foreign people from China

US involvement in Latin America

The US became involved in Latin America to protect its economic interests

Hawaii

Citizens protested being annexed into the United States after the Hawaiian monarchy is overthrown

Alvin York

Most decorated soldier in the First World War, Medal of Honor Recipient, Fought in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive

Tanks

helped break the stalemate of trench warfare by transporting small numbers of troops to the opponent's trench

Espionage Act

showed that the federal government was willing to suspend freedom of speech, US mail was censored to prevent treason

Schenck v USA

says that if your actions create a "clear and present danger" to the USA war effort you go to jail. Schenck mailed pamphlets advising young men to resist the draft

Battle of Argonne Forrest

On September 26, 1918, more than one million American soldiers pushed into the forest, making it the final Allied offensive. At first, the Americans advanced despite heavy German fire, and after 47 days, they broke through the German offensive and won the battle.

MANIA

Causes of WWI in Europe- Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination

Henry Cabot Lodge

Senator who opposed US membership in the League of Nations because he believed that the League's decisions would involve the nation in foreign wars

Major Purpose of President Wilson's Fourteen Points

Set goals for achieving peace after World War I

Causes of U.S. involvement in WWI

Our Allies (Britain and France are Struggling, Violation of Freedom of the Seas, Lusitania, Germany breaks the Sussex Pledge, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, Zimmerman Telegram

Trench Warfare

machine guns cause the need for trenches, tanks airplanes poison gas all come about

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Selective Service Act

the US enlarges its military by drafting millions of untrained civilians, they join the American Expeditionary Force

John J Pershing

Leader of the American Expeditionary Force, took inexperienced troops and made them an effective military force, returned to the US as a true hero

Changes in response to US involvement in the first world War

Selective Service Act was passed

Espionage Act was passed

Taxes and the sale of bonds increased

New government agencies were created

Stalemate

Caused by the use of machine guns resulting in massive casualties and soldiers digging trenches

Zimmerman Telegram

Revealed a proposed military alliance between Mexico and Germany, causes the US to abandon its official policy of neutrality

League of Nations

US senators objected joining because they feared that Americans would be required to act against aggression in Europe

Freedom of the Seas

The right of neutral nations to ship non-military goods to nations at war, This is why the US found it difficult to stay neutral during the war

Roaring 20s

Pro-business policies, higher tariffs, lower taxes for the wealthy and minimal government interference in business activities spurred a period of economic growth and prosperity

Harlem Renaissance

Rebirth of African American culture, arts, and music. This development was inconsistent with much of the racial and ethnic intolerance of the 1920s.

Tin Pan Alley

this was the location of the Music Publishing Industry in New York City

Immigration Laws

Designed to limit immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe

Prohibition

Established by the 18th amendment, this prohibits sale and manufacture of alcohol. People actively break this law (18th Amendment);leading to the rise of organized crime

Assembly Line

uses replaceable parts and unskilled labor to make cars and other things cheaply and very quickly, resulted in improved production

Henry Ford

Car manufacturer, Used assembly-line production methods to produce the Model T; definitely more of a Captain of Industry than a Robber Baron

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian Immigrants convicted and executed because of mass hysteria against foreigners due to the rise of nativism

Frances Willard

Fought for women's rights and a ban on the sale of alcohol

Scopes Monkey Trial

Case represented a conflict between modern science and religion; John Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan for teaching evolution in his class in violation of Tennessee law. Scopes was convicted but his fine was later overturned. Scopes' attorney was Clarence Darrow.

Langston Hughes

African-American author associated with the Harlem Renaissance

Marcus Garvey

African American who established the Universal Negro Improvement Association and started a "Back to Africa" movement

Teapot Dome Scandal

Occurred during Harding's administration, resulted in Americans losing their trust in government

Flappers

Women who rejected traditional restrictions/values

First Red Scare (1919-1920)

Outbreak of anti-Communist hysteria that included the arrest without warrants of thousands of suspected radicals, most of whom (mostly Russian immigrants) were deported.

Great Migration

Many African Americans moved from the South to the North primarily because more factory jobs were available in the North

Ku Klux Klan

promoted anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, and anti-African-American feelings

Nativism

opposition to immigration/ represented by an adoption of the quota system to limit immigration

"Return to Normalcy"

Phrase by President Warren Harding, referring to going back to a peacetime economy after World War I.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals (communists) and the headquarters of radical organizations in 32 cities

Charles Lindbergh and Glenn Curtiss

associated with achievements in aviation

Eugenics

belief that the human race could be improved by breeding; several states passed laws to sterilize individuals with mental disabilities

Installment Buying/Buying on Credit

Buyer paid a small down payment to take home an item. The buyer then paid the rest in small monthly payments. People viewed this as a way to increase their standard of living.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash

FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)

an agency developed by the federal government to regulate banking and and investment activivties

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

PWA (Public Works Administration)

1933 provided employment in construction of airports, parks, schools and roads

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

1933; built hydroelectric plants and dams to provide jobs and improve the regional standard of living

AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)

1933; reduced agricultural surplus and raised prices for struggling farmers, also paid some farmers for their crops

FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration)

1933; granted federal money to state and local governments to be used to help the unemployed

WPA (Works Progress Administration)

1935; created jobs to paint murals and create other artworks

SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)

Securities and Exchange Commission, 1934 regulates the stock market to avoid dishonest practices

Eleanor Roosevelt

married to FDR and who fought for rights for the poor, women, and African Americans

Franklin D. Roosevelt

president of the U.S. from 1933-1945 during the Great Depression and World War II. He proposed many New Deal laws, such as the Social Security Act, FDIC, and SEC to try to fix the depression under the three R's- Relief, Recovery, Reform.

SSA (Social Security Act)

1935 part of FDR's 2nd New Deal that created unemployment benefits, disability insurance, old-age pension and child welfare benefits

Dust Bowl

located in the Great Plains(midwest) a series of heavy winds that carried top soil away causing many deaths and over a million farmers to lose their land; this resulted in the migration of many farmers to California

Mexican Repatriation Act

passed during Hoover's presidency. Forced more than a half a million Mexican immigrants back to Mexico during the Great Depression to create jobs for Americans.

Causes of the Great Depression

1. overproduction.2. speculation in the stock market, buying stocks on margin.3. Shaky Banking practices.4. restricted international trade. 5. uneven distribution of wealth between the rich and poor.

Court Packing Plan

FDR's attempt to add six judges to the Supreme Court to stop the court from overturning his laws. This was blocked by Congress.

John Steinbeck

writer who wrote about the misery of the Great Depression. In his book, The Grapes of Wrath, he wrote about Oakies(farmers from Oklahoma) migrating to the West due to the Dust Bowl

Herbert Hoover

President of the U.S. from 1929-1933 who was blamed for the Great Depression by Americans. He did not believe in direct government assistance, but relied on voluntarism to fix the Depression

Dorothea Lange

photographer who recorded the misery of the Great Depression

Great Depression

started October 29, 1929 and with the crash of the stock market and ended at the beginning of U.S. entry into WWII. This was the United States worst economic depression in our history

New Deal

a series of laws passed during FDR's presidency to try to fix the Great Depression. It permanently increased the size and power of the federal government

New Deal Critics

Conservatives believed the New Deal threatened the capitalist economic system of the US (notable critics were Huey Long, Francis Townsend, and Charles Coughlin.

Federal Reserve System

Provides a stable supply of money and credit for the US, sets interests rates, supervises and regulates banks

Fireside Chats

FDR's communication with American people to comfort them