POLI 190 Exam 2 Study Guide

Mare Clausum

A concept claiming exclusive jurisdiction over the sea.

Mare Liberum

The principle that no state can claim jurisdiction over the sea.

1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

A treaty that unified topics in the four Geneva Conventions and created water and seabed zones.

Freedom of the High Seas

The high seas are open to all states and include rights such as navigation, overflight, and scientific research.

Flag State Jurisdiction

A state’s authority over ships registered under its flag.

Doctrine of Universal Jurisdiction

Allows a country to prosecute severe crimes, such as piracy, regardless of where they occurred.

Natural Resources as the Common Heritage of Mankind

The idea that certain natural resources should be shared by all humanity and protected from overuse.

Territorial Sea

The zone closest to a state's coastline, within which the state has sovereignty.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

An area that extends up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline, where a state has rights to explore and exploit resources.

Right to Innocent Passage

The right of foreign ships to pass through a territorial sea, subject to constraints.

Proportionality (in use of force)

A principle that requires the level of force used to be appropriate to the threat faced.

GATT

A multilateral treaty established in 1947 aimed at promoting trade liberalization.

WTO Dispute Settlement Process

A mechanism for resolving trade disputes between member states, involving consultations and panels.

Dumping

Selling goods below market value in foreign markets.

Special Treaty Body

An international institution that monitors compliance with human rights treaties.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A foundational document that recognizes the rights entitled to all humans.

Genocide

Acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.

Most-Favored Nation

A trade status that requires equal discount on tariffs among all member countries.

Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

Rights related to work, education, health, and an adequate standard of living.

Military Necessity

The principle allowing the use of force only to achieve a legitimate military objective.

Hague Law

Early international agreements that regulate conduct during war.

Humanitarian Intervention

The act of intervening in another state's affairs for humanitarian purposes.

Child Soldiers

Individuals under the age of 15 who are recruited or used in armed conflict.